Journal of South African botany

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MARY GUNN LIBRARY ;
NATIONAL BOTANICAL INSTITUTE
PRIVATE BAG X 101
PRETORIA 0001
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2016 with funding from
South African National Biodiversity Institute Libraries

https://archive.org/details/journalofsouthaf11unse

VOL. XI. ee Raa ow oF ers

1945.

THE JOURNAL
OF

SOUTH AFRICAN BOTANY

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY
OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE

NATIONAL BOTANIC GARDENS
OF SOUTH AFRICA

KIRSTENBOSCH, NEWLANDS
CAPE PROVINCE

EDITOR:
R. H. COMPTON, M.A. (Cantab.), F.R.S.S.Af., Hon. F.R.H.S.

HAROLD PEARSON PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN,
DIRECTOR—OE, THE NATION ‘\L BOTANIC GARDENS.
he a

rn

Lf 5 BY & RY
f BIVIB;C® or

ANY apte é

THE JOURNAL GF SOUTH AFRICAN BOTANY.

VotumeE XI, 1945.

CONTENTS.

A NEw SPECIES OF HNCEPHALARTOS FROM THE WATERBERG. By
Miss I. C. Verdoorn. (With Plate I)

MATERIALS FOR A REVISION OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES OF
ENCEPHALARTOS. By M. R. Henderson, F.L.S. (With
Plates []—X) 7 ae ee :

Some New SPECIES AND VARIETIES IN THE GENUS HAWORTHIA
(Part IV). By G. G. Smith. (With Plates XI and XII) ..

A CoMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE INFLORESCENCE OF KoUR SPECIES
OF SCHOENOXIPHIUM AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN RELATION TO
CaREX AND ITS ALLiges. By Mrs. M. R. Levyns, B.A., D.Sc.

REVIEWS AND ABSTRACTS :

T. M. Salter, The Genus Oxalis in South Africa (Dr. M. Rh.
Levyns) :

C. A. Brown, A Source Book of Agricultural Chemistry ( Dr.
W. EH. Isaac)

T. Y. Hum and R. Pratt, The Hottentot Fig as a Possible
Commercial Source of Tannin (Dr. H. Weinmann)

P. J. Greenway, The Origin of some Kast African Food
Plants (M. R. Henderson) BG he a .

Puantar Novae AFRICANAE, SERIES XXIV. By Miss L.
Chippindall, B.Sc., Professor R. H. Compton, M. A., Dr. R. A.
Dyer, M.Sc., Mr. M. R. Henderson, F.L:S., Miss P. Kies,
M.Sc., Miss F. M. Leighton, B.Sc., Miss G. J. Lewis, B.A., and
Miss I. C. Verdoorn !

A New Genus IN THE PANICEAE AND A Kuny TO THE AFRICAN
GENERA OF THE SuB-TRIBE DIGITARIASTRAE. By Miss L.
Chippindall, B.Sc.

A REVISION OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES OF ORNITHOGALUM L.
Part ITI. (Concluding, with a Complete Key to the Spe )
By Miss F. M. Leighton, B.Sc. :

InpEx To Puant Names, Vol. XI, 1945 ..

PAGE

or

96

99

JOURNAL

OF

SOUTH AFRICAN BOTANY

VOL. XI.

A NEW SPECIES OF ENCEPHALARTOS FROM
THE WATERBERG.

By I. C. VERDOORN.

ERRATA.
THE GENUS OXALIS IN SOUTH AFRICA.

Page 16, par. 6, line 3, for “ Sessiliflorae”’ read “ Sessilifoliatae.”’
Page 25, penultimate line, for 266 read 226.

Page 30, par. 6, line 3, for “ Sessilifoliae ” read “‘ Sessilifoliatae.”’
Page 38, par. 2, line 1, for “ Sessilifoliae”’ read “‘ Sessilifoliatae.”’
Page 75, par. 4, line 2, for “ petioles’ read “ pedicels.”

Page 175, penultimate line, for “‘ Sessilifoliae ’’ read “‘ Sessilifoliatae.”’

leviter concavus. Semina succinea sub-quadrangulata 3-5 cm. longa,
2°3 em. diam.

Hab. Transvaal: Waterberg Dist.; Polala Plateau, H. Marais in
Herb. Marloth 13368 (type) ; Waterberg, I. B. Pole Evans 4457 ; Kaffer-
kraal, Central Waterberg Plateau c. 5000 ft., H. #. Galpin 13199 ; summit
Hangklip Mtn. c. 5900 ft., H. H. Galpin 13802 ; near Bokpoort, Steyn in
Nat. Herb. 27266; Bokpoort, J. J. Botha in Nat. Herb. 27267 ; Polala
Plateau, Vlakfontein, Verdoorn and Dyer 2211.

JOURNAL

OF

SOUTH AFRICAN BOTANY

VOL. XI.

A NEW SPECIES OF ENCEPHALARTOS FROM
THE WATERBERG.

By I. C. VERDOooRN.

Encephalartos Eugene-Maraisii Verdoorn sp. nov. EH. Lehmannii
affinis sed caudicibus bracteis tomentosis anguste acuminatis coronatis,
foliis apice incurvis, foliolis imbricatis, basi valde oblique ortis, seminis
succineis differt. .

Caudex cylindricus plus minusve 1°3 m. altus, ad 30 cm. diam.,
(basi sparse soboliferus) apice bracteis tomentosis anguste ovato-acu-
minatis coronatis. Folia glabra leviter pruinosa (juniora floccosa) plus
minusve 75 em. longa apice incurvis; petiolus 16—18 cm. longus, basi
tomentosus et bracteis obsitus ; foliola rigida, coriacea, linearia, plus
minusve 16 cm. longa, 1°5 em. lata, basi cuneata et leviter obliqua
(valde oblique orta) apice acuminata, pungentia, marginibus integris
vel margine inferiore 1-dentato. Strobilus maris pedunculatus plus
minusve fusiformis 22—42 em. longus, 5—8 cm. latus (siccus) ; squamae
2-75—3°25 em. longae, parte fertilis 1-75—2-5 cm. longae usque 2°3
em. latae, apice umbilico sub-rhomboideo producto. Strobilus femineus
circa 30 cm. longus circa 18 cm. diam. ; squamarum facies atro-brunea
circa 4-5 cm. x 2°5 cm. minute pubescentes, leviter rugosa 4-carinata
(carinis ad angulae ab umbilico divergentibus) umbilicus sub-rhomboideus,
leviter concavus. Semina succinea sub-quadrangulata 3°5 cm. longa,
2-3 em. diam.

Hab. Transvaal: Waterberg Dist.; Polala Plateau, H#. Marais in
Herb. Marloth 13368 (type) ; Waterberg, J. B. Pole Evans 4457 ; Katffer-
kraal, Central Waterberg Plateau c. 5000 ft., H. H. Galpin 13199 ; summit
Hangklip Mtn. c. 5900 ft., H. H. Galpin 13802 ; near Bokpoort, Steyn in
Nat. Herb. 27266 ; Bokpoort, J. J. Botha in Nat. Herb. 27267; Polala
Plateau, Vlakfontein, Verdoorn and Dyer 2211.

bo

The Journal of South African Botany.

The Waterberg cycad has its affinities with Encephalartos Lehmannir
which occurs in the karoid scrub of the eastern Cape Province. This
Cape species appears to be very variable and at least four forms can be
distinguished, but the remoteness of the Waterberg plants and the fea-
tures in which they differ from these forms seem to justify.the specific
rank here given to the Transvaal plant. °

Encephalartos Eugene-Maraisii was first sent by Mr. Eugene Marais
to Dr. R. Marloth in 1925. When visiting the writer at the National
Herbarium, shortly before his death, Mr. Marais spoke of this cycad
and said that Dr. Marloth had not given him a name for it. Since Dr.
Marloth’s herbarium had in the meantime been bequeathed to the National
Herbarium it was possible to examine the specimen in the collector’s
presence. It consisted of portions of a leaf and some kernels with the
note that when roasted and eaten these caused giddiness. The leaves
were very distinct from those of any described Transvaal species.

The correct locality was not on the label and the collector explained
that he had found it on the Polala Plateau in the Waterberg. This
was the first record of a cycad in the western Transvaal. Since then
at intervals a few specimens of this species have reached the National
Herbarium. Dr. Pole Evans collected it in 1932, his locality record
being Waterberg, then Dr. Galpin sent it in from Kafferkraal and the
Hangklip Mountains and lastly it came from a Mr. Steyn who wrote
that he had collected it near Bokpoort. Enquiries eventually led to
the discovery by Mr. P. Toerien, Extension Officer, Piet Potgietersrust ,
of the identical plant from which Mr. Marais’ specimen had been collected.

A trip was arranged in October, 1944, to the farm Vlakfontein where
the plant grows. Vlakfontein lies on the Polala Plateau and is reached
through the Hangklip Mountains via Bokpoort. Kafferkraal being
an adjoining farm it was learned that all the known localities for the
species were within short distance of each other.

There are two plants on Vlakfontein growing a few hundred yards
apart on the south-east slopes of a stony ridge. The one was a female
plant, for a cone taken from it had been sent to the herbarium, but the
sex of the other plant has not yet been established. Both bore 3—4
suckers, arising below ground level, the tallest sucker being about 2 ft.
high and about as thick as the parent stem. The leaves of the plant
known to be female were shorter and more laterally spreading than
those of the other plant. In both, the leaves all had the characteristic
incurved apex, a feature in which it differs from H. Lehmannii, and
the leaflets very obliquely inserted on the rhachis so that the peu
surface faced towards the petiole. (Plate I.)

Other features in which #. Hugene-Maraisii differs from EB. Lehmannii

A New Species of Encephalartos from the Waterberg. 3

are that the tops of the stems are not dome-shaped but more or less
crown-shaped and covered with narrowly acuminate whitish gray tomen-
tose bracts ; the petiole-bases are hidden in these woolly bracts and are
themselves white woolly with only here and there a slender brown line
showing where the wool had been rubbed off (in H. Lehmannii the glabrous
pulvinus has a distinct brown collar) ; the seeds were not entirely scarlet
red but amber-coloured and only slightly tinged with red near the top.

It was observed that the new leaves on the Waterberg species were
at first floccose and they are not as silvery in appearance as those of H.
Lehmannii for only a very thin bloom is present. It was noted too that
the longitudinal nerves on the leaflets, although very faint, were obvious
whereas they are usually not so in the leaves of H. Lehmannii. These
three last-mentioned features, however, may not be of any real value as
diagnostic characters.

The seeds are not very fleshy but what flesh there is must be poisonous
for the reports are that children on the farm Kafferkraal were dangerously
ill after eating these “‘ dates ” as they called them.

The plants grow very firmly wedged in rocks and from accounts only
these scattered individuals have been found. It would appear that they
are relics of a now localised and almost extinct species.

The author is pleased to call this cycad after her uncle Kugene
Marais, whose interest in nature study may be estimated from his books
“The Soul of the White Ant ”’ and ““ My Friends, the Baboons ”’ besides
several other shorter works in Afrikaans.

di

I Pers

Puate I.

ENCEPHALARTOS HUGENE-MARATSII.

\\
:

MATERIALS FOR A REVISION OF THE SOUTH
AFRICAN SPECIES OF ENCEPHALARTOS.

By M. R. Henperson, F.L.S8.

Two years’ study of the large living collection of Encephalartos in
the National Botanic Gardens, Kirstenbosch, has shown that the latest
account of the genus, by Hutchinson and Rattray in’ Flora Capensis
Vol. V, sect. ii (Suppl.) requires to be revised and supplemented. Since
it was published in 1933, more material and more information has become
available, especially from the Transvaal, and it is clear that Hutchinson
and Rattray took too wide a view of the limits of some of the species.
Their work on the nomenclature of the older species seems to be excellent,
so far as it can be checked without some of the essential literature,
and it has been followed closely here. Although there are a number
of South African species cultivated at Kew, and although one of the
authors had a wide acquaintance with the plants in the field, it seems
evident that the-work was done mainly on herbarium material, most of
which, to judge from the South African herbaria, was far from adequate.

The late Professor C. J. Chamberlain, whose book “The Living
Cycads”’ is well known, had in course of preparation when he died a
monograph of the Cycadaceae. In an obituary notice in Chronica Botanica
VII, 8, 4388 (1943) an informal statement by Professor Chamberlain about
the monograph is quoted. It is interesting to note his belief that nearly
all Cycads hybridise. The Kirstenbosch collections show no evidence
of hybridisation, but Chamberlain’s statement should be kept in mind.
He also hints at the variability of the species, a fact of which there is
no doubt. There is also much truth in his remark that “‘ the family has

suffered terribly at the hands of the taxonomist, for it does not fit the

herbarium sheet.”’

These plants are admittedly difficult to preserve satisfactorily and
most collectors cannot spare the time necessary to make complete
collections, which may mean repeated visits to a locality in order to obtain
ripe cones of both sexes. Unfortunately, due to wartime restrictions and
difficulties of travel, I have not been able to see.the plants in the field,
but the unique living collection at Kirstenbosch has compensated to
a great extent for this omission and has provided opportunities for closer
study than would have been possible if it had not existed. To have
all the species concentrated in one small area, where all of them can be

6 The Journal of South African Botany.

seen every day, instead of having them spread out many days’ journey
apart, greatly facilitates the study of any group.

The slow growth of Encephalartos and the reluctance of some species
to produce cones means that a study of the genus must be prolonged. No
claim is made here that the material in this paper, compiled after about
two years’ close observation of the Kirstenbosch collections, is complete.
It is manifestly far from being so. A number of species are known at
present only from one or two plants, with cones of only one sex, or none,
and there is yet much to learn about the variability and distribution
of some of the better known species. Much field work must be done,
supplemented by observation of cultivated plants, before a monographic
treatment of the South African species is attempted. This paper may
therefore seem premature, but circumstances.demand that what has
been learned should be put on record without delay, in order to demon-
strate what remains to be done and in the hope that it OY arouse wider
interest in this ancient group of plants.

It has been said that the species of Hncephalartos can be distinguished
on pollen characters. I have examined the fresh pollen of as many
species as possible but find that under a 1 /6th inch objective no differences,
except perhaps in size, are visible. Dr.S. Garside has very kindly examined
more closely several species and he also is of the opinion that no specific ~
characters can be obtained from the pollen. Dr. Garside states that the
pollen grains vary somewhat in length in various species, and that when
dry or examined in oil they are oval in outline with the ends somewhat
pointed, and they have one fold or furrow. The exine is clear and colour-
less and without markings. The grains are clear and transmit light
readily. As Dr. Garside points out, the figure given by Marloth, Flora
of South Africa, Vol. I, Pl. 15, fig. 4, is that of a grain after contact
with moisture, which has swollen and become spherical and opaque.

The fresh pollen is shed in packets, as if the contents of each micro-
sporangium cohered in a separate mass. In this state it is slightly oily,
but unless spoiled by rain, eventually becomes dry and dusty.

The various species of South African Hncephalartos can in most cases
readily be distinguished by the leaf characters of living plants, even
though these characters may vary considerably even in the same indi-
vidual, but herbarium material may be very misleading, especially when
only parts of leaves have been preserved. The colour of the leaves and
the way the leaflets are set on the rachis are often useful characters,
which are lost in drying. The most reliable and constant characters,
however, are to be obtained from the female cone scales, especially in
groups like H. Lehmannii, where it is very difficult to disentangle the
forms on leaf characters alone. For purposes of comparison, scales

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 7
of Encephalartos.

(both male and female) from the middle of the cone have been described
and figured. The apical and basal scales in both sexes tend to become
misshapen and abortive and there is usually a gradual, or more or less
sudden, change in shape of the scales as one progresses up or down the
cone.

Nores on CoLitEectinc ENCEPHALARTOS.

The collector must be prepared to suffer a little inconvenience and
even pain if good specimens are to be made. The spines on the leaves
of most species are so sharp and hard that they readily penetrate the
skin, but they cause no ill effects beyond the drawing of a little blood
and are not dangerous or irritant.

The leaf should be cut as close to the stem as possible to show the
characters of the pulvinus. A cut across the top of the pulvinus and
one down each side usually allows the leaf to snap off. The whole length
of the leaf should be preserved, unless it is a very long one and the leaflets
are uniform in shape and size over a considerable portion. If any part
is discarded a note should be made of the total length of the leaf. The
leaflets do not vary much on either side of the leaf at the same level, so
that if the leaf is too wide for the herbarium sheet the leaflets on one side
may be removed. A tag bearing the collector’s number should be attached
to. each piece of the leaf and the tags numbered or lettered so that the
leaf can be reconstructed with the pieces in their proper order. The
leaves dry much faster if first dipped in poison.

I do not know of any satisfactory method of preserving ripe female
cones intact—at least of those species with large cones—and in any
case they are too bulky for convenience. The fully grown cone should
be measured and a selection of seeds and scales taken when it disinte-
grates. These should be poisoned and dried in the sun, not in a press.
Ripe male cones, gathered just after elongation and when pollen is being
shed, will dry satisfactorily after a thorough soaking in poison, and
unless roughly handled, will not fall to pieces. A selection of scales should
be detached for mounting on the herbarium sheet, dried, like the female
scales, in the sun and not under pressure. As the scales in both sexes
vary in shape towards the apex and base of the cone, the median ones
should be indicated for purposes of comparison. The male cones usually
dry intact on the plant and persist for some time. In this condition
they are satisfactory as specimens.

8 The Journal of South African Botany.

Herbarium specimens of Encephalartos, especially of those species
with large leaves, are bulky, and if male cones are preserved entire,
the collection takes up a great deal of space. This cannot be avoided
if good specimens are desired.

Photographs and drawings are an essential part of the collection.
Good detailed photographs of the female cones are exceedingly helpful,
as are drawings of fresh scales and seeds. It is desirable also to have
photographs showing the habit of the plant, demonstrating the way the
leaves are held, and the shape and position of the leaflets. The latter can
often best be done by photographing individual leaves detached from the
plant.

Dried material has been prepared from the Kirstenbosch plants,
numbered with the author’s field numbers. Metal labels, bearing these
numbers, have been attached to the plants from which specimens have
been taken.

I am deeply indebted to Professor R: H. Compton, not only for
pointing the way to a study of Encephalartos, but for the opportunity
of acquiring a first hand knowledge of the South African flora in very
pleasant surroundings. I am grateful to Dr. H. M. L. Bolus, Hon. Curator
of the Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, for generous per-
mission to use the facilities of that collection and its library. I have
to acknowledge with thanks the loan of. valuable material from the
following institutions: South African Museum, Cape Town; Albany
Museum, Grahamstown; National Herbarium, Pretoria; Transvaal

Museum, Pretoria ; Natal Herbarium, Durban. I have received much

help and information from Miss I. C. Verdoorn, National Herbarium,
Pretoria, and Mr. H. B, Christian, Southern Rhodesia. Miss Courtenay-
Latimer, Miss H. M. L. Forbes and Mr. G. G. Smith have very kindly
supplied specimens and information. | Mr. F. W. Thorns, Curator of the
National Botanic Gardens, has put his knowledge of the living plants and
of the Gardens Records freely at my disposal, and has lent books and
photographs.

ABBREVIATIONS.
Nat. Herb. National Herbarium, Pretoria.
Trans. Mus. Herb. Herbarium of the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria.

Albany Mus. Herb. Herbarium of the Albany Museum, Grahams-
town.

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 9
of Encephalartos.

Herb. Natal. Natal Herbarium.

Herb. S.A. Mus. South African Museum Herbarium, Cape Town.

Herb. Bol. Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town.

Herb. N.B.G. Herbarium of the National Botanic Gardens,
Kirstenbosch.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

Broadly speaking, the South African species of Encephalartos are
found mostly in the Eastern Grasslands as defined by Pole Evans in his
Vegetation Map of South Africa, with some species in the coastal forest
belt, and some reaching as far as the subtropical parkland forest of
Zululand. One species at least ranges from near sealevel to high up on
the eastern slopes of the Drakensberg, but none crosses the escarpment
westwards. Further north, however, the genus is found much further
inland on the parklands and grasslands of the Transvaal. A possible
seven species are known from the Transvaal, of which four are well
known and distinct—Z. transvenosus, E. paucidentatus, E. lanatus, E.
laewifolius, all described by Stapf and Burtt Davy in 1926. ZL. striatus
was also described by them at the same time, but it is very imperfectly
known. Two other plants have since been discovered, H. Hugene-
Maraisu, and a plant which has been traced, with some doubt, to the
neighbourhood of Zwartruggens,.W. Transvaal. The first four species
at least seem to be confined to the arc of mountains running from the
Zoutpansberg in the northern Transvaal to about Barberton in the
eastern Transvaal, and as far as can be judged from the collections
examined, above the 3,000 ft. contour. All the species are known only
from the Transvaal, which, therefore, seems to have its own endemic
Encephalartos flora. It is unlikely that this is merely a matter of in-
sufficient exploration. Most of the Transvaal species are more or less
closely related to species from outside that area. ‘For instance, JZ.
Eugene-Maraisii is the counterpart of LH. Lehmannii, E. transvenosus
of HL. Altensteinii, E. lanatus of E. cycadifolius, the Zwartruggens plant
of EL. Ghellinckii (probably), EH. striatus of EH. villosus. The Transvaal
has apparently not produced any species related to the very distinct
E. horridus or E. latifrons.

(See H. transvenosus, note.)

LO The Journal of ‘South African Botany.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.

The following key is intended only as a rough guide to the identifi-
cation of the living plant. It has had to be based mainly on foliage
characters, which are variable and difficult to differentiate in a few
words.

1. All leaflets, or some, or a few on each leaf, conspicuously lobed, the lobes usually

cutting deeply into the body of the leaflet and often twisted out of the plane

of the leaflet :

Leaflets broadest at apex, tapering gradually to base, apex with 3—5 almost

equal lobes, cones of both sexes orange or pink, the female broadly ovoid

(7) kosiensis

2. Leaflets broadest near middle, or at least not tapering from apex to base,

with a definite terminal lobe or point :

3. Mature plants small, with very short stems, leaves up to ec. 65 cm. long,
very glaucous, all leaflets except lowermost ones deeply lobed, body of
leaflet curled back and lobes twisted out of plane of leaflet ; female cones
small, ec. 40 em. tall, dull green with almost smooth scales and red seeds

(5) horridus

3. Mature plants with tall stems, or leaves much more than 65 em. long, body

- of leaflet not markedly curled back, female cones where known usually
over 40 em. tall, seeds red or orange :

4. Outline of leaflets, excluding lobes, narrowly oblong, linear, ‘or linear

lanceolate, each leaf usually with some entire leaflets, at least near base :

5. Leaves not glaucous when young, up to ec. 155 em. long, apex very little
recurved, lower margin of leaflet with 2—3 short broad lobes

(21) Encephalartos sp., Henderson 1591.

5. Leaves very glaucous when young, rarely more than 90—120 cm.
long, apex usually markedly recurved, lower margins of leaflets rather
irregularly and deeply 1—3 lobed : =

6. Median and lower leaflets comparatively widely spaced, not over-
lapping, up to 18 cm. long, whole leaf rather lax, usually with rather
few leaflets lobed and then only towards apex of-leaf

(8) Lehmanni, form “C”

6. Median and lower leaflets shorter, usually 10—14 cm. long, more
or less overlapping, whole leaf compact, most of median and upper
leaflets lobed :

7. Female cone with very rugose scales, seeds reddish or orange with
semitranslucent band distally, c. 5 em. long

(8) Lehmannii, form “ Bl”

7. Female cone with corrugate scales, seeds scarlet or dark orange-red

without translucent band, c. 4 cm. long
(8) Lehmannit, form “ B2”
4. Outline of leaflets, excluding lobes, more or less Ones to ovate lanceolate
or broadly oblong, most leaflets lobed :

5. Leaflets rather distant, or only slightly ov orleans dark green, lobés
not or only slightly twisted out of plane of leaflet, upper margin of
collar’*on petiolar pulvinus in an irregular inverted V

(6) Encephalartos sp. aff. latifrons, Henderson 2017

5. Leaflets usually crowded and overlapping, lobes more or less twisted
out of plane of leaflet, upper margin of collar in a straight line across
pulvinus :

6. Median leaflets up to c. 14 em. X 7 cm., often lobed on upper margin
as well as lower, leaf tips abEuPely, recurved, beaks of male scales
long and decurved .. .. (6) latifrons

. Median leaflets c. 15—16 em. x 4— 5 cem., rarely lobed on upper
margins, leaflet tips not abruptly recurved, beaks of male scales
short and more or less straight

(6) Encephalartos sp. aff. latifrons, Henderson 1680

bo

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 11
of Encephalartos.

1. Leaflets entire, or minutely toothed, or shortly and coarsely toothed, sometimes
with short spine tipped or blunt lobes, but lobes not cutting deeply into body
. of leaflet and not twisted, lower leaflets sometimes conspicuously lobate
dentate :
2. Leaflets dentate in varying degree, teeth pungent:or sometimes blunt, lower
leaflets occasionally lobate dentate :

3. Leaves large with very stout pulvinus, lower leaflets broad, abruptly nar-
rowed at base, their upper margins usually deeply lobate dentate, upper
leaflets more or less entire, often hooked at tips; male cone c. 120 cm.
tall, slender, bright orange yellow .. atc aK .. (18) Woodu

3. Leaves and cones not so:

4. Leaflets usually reduced to many prickles at bases of all leaves, petiole
usually very short, or prickles extending almost to pulvinus:°
5. Leaflets linear oblong, not stiff, recurved throughout length of leaf,
aerial stem very short or none, female cone scales with downward
overlapping, not protruding apices .. .- (3) villosus
5. Leaflets not linear oblong, or if so, stiff and not Teeumredl, aerial stem
usually present, often tall, female cone scales with protruding apices :

6. Leaves not more than about 130—140 cm. long, rather stiff and not
eventually drooping :

7. Leaflets rather regularly 1—3 toothed on both margins, upper
leaflets tending to become entire and more or less faleate, exposed
face of female cone scales flat, hardly protruding, yellowish, more
or less papillate .. (20) Encephalartos sp., “* West's Cycad”’.

7. Leaflets rather regularly 3 or more toothed on both margins,
upper leaflets the same and often deeply 2- or 3- dentate at apex,
not falcate, female cone scales protruding, smooth, green

(22) Encephalartos sp., Henderson 2032

6. Leaves usually more than 155 em. long, not very stiff, eventually
more or less drooping :

7. Median leaflets c. 25—26 em. long, long tapered to apex, more or
less faleate, nerves conspicuous below as raised ribs

(14) paucidentatus
7. Median leaflets shorter, not. long tapered to apex, nerves not
conspicuous below .. 5 .. (12) transvenosus
4. Leaflets not reduced to prickles, or only a few on some leaves, petiole
usually evident :
5. All leaflets more or less linear oblong, glaucous, leaves rather short and
stiff, usually not more than c.. 120 em. long:

6. Leaf rachis upecurved or incurved at apex, basal leaflets occasionally
lobate dentate, epee of stem with narrow very: woolly bracts.
(Transvaal) ae 0 é .. (9) Hugene-Maraisii.

6. Leaf rachis always more or lesd neunmsred at apex, basal leaflets entire,
bracts on stem apex not narrow and woolly (EH. Province, Transkei) :

7. Leaves very upright, apex rather abruptly recurved, leaflets very
close and ouemape ie in upper part of leaf, most of them
toothed ie ao ~ (&) Lehmannii, yore, 7 AP

. Leaves not angniaediliy “rejpeeelnt, leaflets not very crowded, sulky
occasional ones toothed :
8. Lower leaflets tending to spread, female cone scales smooth,

dark coloured .. Ay .. (8) Lehmannii, form “A”.
8. Lower leaflets tending to be in a V, female cone scales very
rugose, greenish .. 3c .. (8) Lehmannii, form “ D”.

5. Median and lower,,leaflets at least not lmear oblong, deep green, blue
green or yellow green, leaves usually eventually drooping, usually
over 150 cm. long:

6. Leaves usually markedly hooked at apices, leaflets blue green, very
rigid and set across rachis in a V Ge Me (10) longifolius

6. Leaves usually only slightly recurved at apices, leaflets yellowish
green to deep green, not very rigid, only upper ones in a V :

12 The Journal of South African Botany.

7. Leaflets rather regularly 1—3 toothed on lower margin, teeth
broad and coarse, upper margin rarely toothed
(21) Encephalartos sp., Henderson 1591 etc.
7. Leaflets not so:

8. Upper leaflets in mature leaves in a V, more or less falcate, all

_ leaflets leaving rachis at an upwards angle, inner parts of female

cone scarlet (EH. Provinee—Natal) .. (11) Altenstemnw

8. Upper leaflets in mature leaves more or less recurved, not faleate,

lower leaflets at least leaving rachis at 90 degrees, hidden parts

of female cone pale (Transvaal). . .. (12) transvenosus

2. Leaflets generally entire, or a few with short teeth, the sucker or juvenile leaves
sometimes more or less toothed :

3. Mature plants with subterranean stems, at most the crown above ground :

4, Leaves usually much over 120 em., reaching c. 270 em. long, leaflets much

more than 10 em. long, recurved throughout length of leaf, lmear oblong,

reduced to many prickles at leaf base i =e) (ea) neallosits

4. Leaves not exceeding ec. 90 cm., usually less, leaflets rarely more than 4

- em. long, not recurved, reduced to one or two prickles, or none :

5. Leaves less than 60 cm. long, usually sioumllly twisted at apex, leaflets
very narrow, up to c. 11 em, long and 0-5 em. broad, nerves 5, visible
above and below

(19) Encephalartos sp. aff, Ghellinckit, [len lenson 1566.

5. Leaves usually c. 90 em. long, not spirally twisted, leaflets wider :

6, Leaflets very crowded, arising from rachis in different planes, their
bases twisted, female cone scales with large flattened not Beh ae
apical area (HE. Province) .. : Ae ) caffer

6. Leaflets not arising in different planes, not very Peete pete
more or less spaced towards base of leaf, female cone scales over-
lapping downwards (Zululand) (2) Hncephalartos sp. aff. caffer

3. Mature plants with well developed aerial stems :
4. Leaflets subacicular, margins strongly revolute, male cone scales stalked
(18) Ghellinckia
4. Leaflets flat, male cone scales (where known), not stalked :

5. Leaves very short, less than 60 em. long, often spirally twisted at apex,

leaflets narrow, up to c. 0-5 em. broad
(19) Encephalartos sp. aff. Ghellinckii, Henderson 1566.

5. Leaves much longer, leaflets broader :

6. Leaves stiff and hooked at apex, blue-green, leaflets ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, all in a V .. be De, .. (10) longifolius

6. Leaves and leaflets not so :

7. Leaflets, at least median and upper ones, close together, not over
0-7—0-8 em. broad, linear :
8. Stem very stout, flat topped with much brown wool, leaves
ee and more or less straight, c. 100 em. long, median. leaflets
17 em. long, margins thickened, cones of both sexes densely
pale woolly (EH. Province) .. ac .. (15) cycadifolius
8. Stem more or less slender, not as above, leaves not stiff, even-
tually drooping, or apices more or less recurved, leaflets up
to ec. 12—13 em... long, margins not thickened (Transvaal) :
9. Leaf rachis more or less straight at apex, or slightly recurved
or twisted, very young leaves pale brown woolly, quickly
becoming glabrous, male cone scales beaked, female cone
scales almost glabrous .. é .. (17) laevifolius
\ 9. Leaf rachis usually markedly focteed at apex, the white
wool of young leaves persisting for some time, male cone
scales with flattened apex, female cone scales densely woolly ,
(16) lanatus
7. Leaflets usually over 1-3 em. broad, usually not crowded, more or
less linear lanceolate :
8. Leaf rachis upeurved or incurved at apex. (Transvaal)
(9) Hugene-Maraisw

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 13
of Encephalartos.

8. Leaf rachis always more or less recurved at apex (E. Province) :
9. Lower leaflets more or less spreading, female cone scales

smooth, dark-coloured .. .. (8) Lehmannii, form“ A”
9. Lower leaflets more or less in a V, female cone scales rugose,
greenish .. Ne ae .. (8) Lehmannui, form * D”

(1). Encephalartos caffer (Thunb.) Lehm., emend. Hutchinson &
Rattray in Flora Capensis V, ii, 29 (1933), in part.

' Nomenclature.—I have followed Hutchinson and Rattray because it
appears that they have correctly disentangled Thunberg’s nomen con-
fusum, and also because it has not been possible to consult some of the
older literature and specimens. The original Cycas caffra Thunb. was a
mixture of two species, H.longifolius and the stemless plant now accepted
as E..caffer. According to Hutchinson and Rattray, Thunberg’s description
applied partly to the stemless plant, which he also figured. The figure
may be accepted as the type of H.caffer if no specimen exists. Lehmann,
Pugillus VI, 14 (1834) merely transferred Thunberg’s name to Hn-
cephalartos, and his short description would apply to E.longifolius.
Thunberg’s description of H.caffer in his Flora Capensis (ed. Schultes)
also applies mainly to H.longifolius. I have perforce accepted Hutchinson
and Rattray’s reduction of H.brachyphyllus Lehm. to H.caffer, not havmg
seen the original descriptions. But the reduction of brachyphyllus to a
variety of H.caffer by De Candolle, Prod. XVI, ii, 532, and his descrip-
tion and the locality given for it—** Visch Rivier ’’—all support Hutchin-
son and, Rattray’s disposition of it. The name H.brachyphyllus was ap-
parently widely accepted for the plant we now call caffer owing to the
misapplication of the latter name to H.longifolius and even to EL.
Altensteinii.

In the statement regarding the late Professor Chamberlain’s pro-
jected monograph of Cycadaceae, referred to in the introduction to
this paper, he is quoted as follows: “‘ Encephalartos caffer, the ‘ Caffer
Bread ’, will still be the big plant at van Staadens, the principal species,
used for food ; and Hncephalartos brachyphyllus will not become E.caffer
but will still be the little short leaved plant in Zululand.” The “ caffer ”
to which Chamberlain refers is, of course, H.longifolius, but apparently
he did not know that a “little short leaved plant” (the true caffer)
occurs, or at least has been collected at van Staadens. Professor Cham-
berlain’s views on nomenclature were unorthodox. The conservation
of a misapplied specific name, merely because a plant has become well
known under that name, can very rarely be justified, and in the case
of E.caffer there is no reason at all why this name should be used for

E longifolius.

14 The Journal of South African Botany.

Distribution —The most westerly record appears to be Steytlerville,
the origin of some of the plants cultivated at Kirstenbosch, and the
most easterly about Willowvale in the Transkei. As will appear later,
the records in Flora Capensis from Zululand must be excluded.

Specimens seen.—Steytlerville, cult. in Hort. Kirstenbosch, N.B.G.
2601/16 ; van Staadens, Uitenhage Div., Rattray 1098 (Herb. S.A. Mus.) ;
Mt. Coke, Kingwilliamstown, Leighton sn. (Herb. Bol.); near Mt.
Coke, East London, Galpin 7839 (Albany Mus. Herb., Nat. Herb.) ;
East London, Rattray s.n. (Albany Mus. Herb.), Wood 846, 850 (Herb.
S.A. Mus.); Columba, Kentani Distr., 1,200 ft., Pegler 1124 (Herb.
Bol., Nat. Herb.) ; Kentani, 1,000 ft., Pegler 1116 (Herb. Bol.) ; Willow-
vale Distr., Pegler 844 (Herb. S.A. Mus.),

Description—The stout stem is below ground in all specimens
cultivated at Kirstenbosch, and there is a great development of short
thick roots, which may be contractile (Journ. Bot. Soc. S.A., XX XIX,
Pl. IV, fig. 3). Leaves more or less erect, variable in length, up to ce.
90 cm. long, base of petiole thickly covered with pale brown woolly
scales, back of rachis and edges of leaflets deciduously woolly, rachis
semiterete, petiole obscurely triangular, or with an obscure ridge on
upper surface ; leaflets linear lanceolate up to c. 10 cm. long and 0.8—
0.9 em. broad, widespreading, crowded, arising from rachis in different
planes, gradually reduced at base to one or two prickles, the reduced
leaves sometimes forked, the others almost always entire, their bases
decurrent, contracted, twisted, yellow, apices pale, pungent; nerves
quite distinct below, c. 12 in median leaflets. Male cone solitary on a
stout peduncle 13—14 cm. long, the cone green cylindric oblong, c.
27 cm. tall, 10 cm. diam.; median scales more or less obtriangular,
ce. 3.5 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide at top, whole of the undersurface except
for the narrow top covered by sporangia; top rhomboid, flat, not
beaked, smooth, green, projecting beyond sporangial surface for 5—6
mm., apex with a very slightly depressed area c. 1 cm. x 1.5 cm., bor-
dered by a thin, slightly raised, sometimes more or less toothed rim, the
teeth more evident on upper scales. Female cone solitary, broadly oblong
lanceolate, apex rounded, c. 28—30 cm. tall, 14 cm. diam. near base,
general colour when ripe greenish yellow, peduncle almost hidden by
erect densely woolly bracts, c. 6—7 cm. long, c. 3.5 cm. diam. near
apex, yellow below, green above, glabrous; 6—8 spirals of scales ;
scales glabrous, apices almost flat, projecting very little beyond surface
of cone; median scales c. 5.5 em. total length, c. 5.5 em. greatest
breadth, exposed face irregularly rhomboid to elliptic, c. 5.5 cm. across
and 3.5 cm. vertically, but variable in size, upper angle rounded, lower
angle rounded, humped and projecting c. 0.7—1 em. beyond surface

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 15
- of Encephalartos.

of cone, lateral angles usually more or less rounded with often a narrow.
sharp ridge ; exposed face more or less shining except in centre, more
or less corrugate, pitted round margin, centre occupied by a flat dull
green pitted area which is roughly hexagonal and surrounded by a

Fig. 1. A, B—H. caffer, median female scales from above and from front, C—seed.
D, E—E. caffer, median male scales from below and from front. F, G—median
male scales of plant from ?Lourenco Marques, from below and from front.

About nat. size. : Del: M. P. Henderson.

narrow slightly raised rim, its lower margin projecting and sometimes
slightly irregularly toothed, c. 3 cm. across and 1.5 em. vertically,
increasing in size towards base of cone ; inner part of scale pale orange
yellow or orange, closely papillate, stipe c. 3 em. long tinged pink to

16 The Journal of South African Botany.

scarlet ; sinus arms up to c. § length of seed, outer margins more or less
winged ; seeds more or less oblong, deep scarlet, compressed and tapered
to wedgeshaped distal end, up to c. 3.8 cm. long and 2.3 em. diam.,
occasional seeds pale pinkish yellow.

(2) Encephalartos sp., aff. caffer Lehm.

Nomenclature —This plant is included under LZ. caffer Lehm. by
Hutchinson and Rattray, but it differs in several significant points and ~
must be considered distinct. It is apparently undescribed. It might be
Aiton’s “ Trifid narrow-leaved Zamia ’’—Zamia Cycadis L., 8, Hort.
Kew., V, 412 (1813), It is unlikely that H. brachyphyllus Lehm. is appli-
cable to this plant as the evidence goes to show that this name is an
exact synonym of £. caffer Lehm.

Distribution. —E. caffer Lehm., as far as is known, does not extend
into Natal, although the distribution given in Flora Capensis would
seem to imply that it occurred continuously from the Eastern Cape
Province through Natal into Zululand, There is a distinct gap between
EL. caffer and our unnamed plant, which is said to be common in Zulu-
land.

Specimens seen.—Near Negoye, Zululand, Rattray 1279 (Albany Mus.
Herb.) ; Mkuzi, in crevices of diabase rocks on sides and top of Lebombo
Mts., Zululand, 1,000—2,000 ft., Galpin s.n. (Herb. Bol., Nat. Herb.) ;
Ubombo Mts., Zululand, Gerstner s.n. (Herb. Natal.), Galpin 11818 (Nat.
Herb.) ; Ingwavuma, Zululand, Conyngham la, 1b, le (Nat. Herb.) ;
cult. in Botanic Gardens, Durban, origin Zululand, Herb. Natal. 16040,
16041, 16048 (Herb. Natal.) ; living plants from Ubombo Mts., Zulu-
land, comm. Butcher, cult. in Kirstenbosch, NV.B.G. 255/44.

Description—The stem is apparently subterranean as in LH. caffer
(but Galpin records it as 12—I8 inches tall) and the roots large and
swollen as in that species. Leaves differmg from those of caffer
in the leaflets being more dentate in the juvenile stage, in adult leaves
the leaflets very regularly inserted on the rachis, slightly spaced, or at
least not crowded, with much less tendency to arise in different planes,
not twisted at base and less narrowed, the pubescence rather coarser
and browner and more persistent.

No male cones have been seen, and of the female cones only photo-
graphs taken in Durban have been available. These photographs depict
the complete plant and there is sufficient detail in the leaves to be certain
that the plant is the one under discussion here. The cones are solitary,
apparently almost sessile, oblong-ellipsoid, probably about 30 cm. tall,
with about 8 spirals of scales. The scale apices are flattened and overlap
downwards, and do not have the protruding lower angle and the central
flattened and somewhat depressed area of H. caffer. The cone is very

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 17
of Encephalartos.

similar to that of H. villosus (Plate II), except that the lower margins
of the scales are nearly entire.

Encephalartos sp., aff. E. caffer Lehm., vel aft. E. villosus Lem.

Specimens seen.—Portuguese E. Africa, cult. in W.N.L.S. compound,
Ressano Garcia, Moss s.n. (Nat. Herb.); Namaacha, Portuguese E.
Africa, cult. at Pretoria, Mogg s.n. (Nat. Herb.) ; Delagoa Bay, Marloth
11044 (Nat. Herb.) ; Cult. at Barberton, ‘origin uncertain but perhaps
Lourenco Marques, Thorncroft s.n. (Herb. N.B.G.); ? native compound,
Komatipoort, Transvaal, Moss s.n. (Nat. Herb.).

The above specimens represent a group which is close to the species
here referred to as H. sp. aff. caffer from Zululand, but the general
appearance of the specimens suggests a relationship also with Z. villosus.

The young leaves are white woolly on the rachis, not brown woolly
as in the Zululand plant, and apparently quickly become glabrous ; ‘the
leaflets are longer, more coriaceous, and resemble those of villosus in
being often tridentate at the apex. A ripe male cone from a cultivated
plant whose origin may have been Lourenco Marques was sent by Mr.
J. Thorneroft. The cone had elongated and was nearly dry. Total
length, excluding peduncle, 20 cm., greatest diam. c. 4.5 em. ; peduncle
ce. 5 cm. long (if complete), nearly glabrous with a few small scattered
bracts; cone narrowly oblong lanceolate, tapering gently from near
base to apex ; median scales broadly obtriangular, c. 2—2.2 cm. long,
1.9—2 cm. across widest part, lateral angles acute, almost: winged, upper

‘angle slightly raised into a blunt triangular point, lower angle produced
into a broad rounded triangular point ; the flattened apex with a roughly
rhomboid sunken area; sporangia not covering lower surface of scale to
margin. This cone differs from that of H. caffer in being more slender
and more tapered, and in having smaller scales with narrower apices
without a well defined flattened area. It is reminiscent of the cone of
£. villosus but much smaller. No female cones or scales have been seen.

(3) Encephalartos villosus Lem. Hutchinson & Rattray in Fl. Cap.,
V, ii, 30 (1933), in part; Stapf in Kew Bull. (1914) 390; Bot. Mag.
t.6654 ; Marloth, Fl. S. Africa, I, Pl. 15B, Pl. 16B.

Nomenclature.—It has not been possible to check the older literature
references and synonyms given in Flora Capensis. J. striatus Stapf &
Burtt Davy, reduced to Z. villosus by Hutchinson and Rattray, is here
restored, for reasons given later.

Distribution From Keiskama Hoek, Kingwilliamstown, to Natal,
Swaziland and Delagoa Bay, but this range is incompletely covered by
material in South African herbaria.

18 The Journal of South African Botany.

Specumens seen.—Kast London, Smale 23 (Herb. 8.A. Mus.), Rattray
386 (Albany Mus. Herb.); Neads Camp, E..London, 400 ft., Galpin
3340 (Albany Mus. Herb., Herb. Bol., Nat. Herb.); Gonubie River
mouth, E. London, Galpin 7767 (Nat. Herb.); Chalumna Causeway, EH.
London, female cones only, Couwrtenay-Latimer s.n. (Herb. N.B.G.) ;
Kentani, 1,200 ft., Pegler 342 (Albany Mus. Herb., Herb. S.A. Mus.,
Herb. Bol., Nat. Herb.), 1,000 ft., Pegler 1124 (Herb. Bol.), Pegler
756 (Herb. S.A. Mus.) ; in woods near Kei mouth, 500 ft., Flanagan
1374 (Herb. S.A. Mus., Herb. Bol., Nat. Herb.) ; Port St. Johns, Natal,
600 ft., Mogg 13052 (Nat. Herb.) ; Stegi, Swaziland, Keith s.n. (Nat.
Herb., Christian 604 in Herb. N.B.G.) ; Swaziland, Nicholson s.n. (Nat.
Herb: 11413, Herb. Bol.). Cultivated plants in Kirstenbosch from East
London ; Keiskama Hoek, Kingwilliamstown Div.; Kentani; Ixotoba,
Natal.

Description.—Stem subterranean or very short, usually not more than
the woolly stem apex above ground (but a note on Galpin 3340 states
that the stem is 5 ft. tall!). Leaves not glaucous, up to c. 280 cm. long,
more or less erect and gracefully curved outwards, young leaves white
woolly on rachis and on lower surface of leaflets, older leaves glabrous
except for copious brown scaly wool at base of rachis ; leaflets rather thin
textured, spreading or recurved throughout length of leaf, usually spaced
and not overlapping except slightly towards apex of leaf, reduced to
prickles which often extend almost to the pulvinus, linear, broadly
linear, or sometimes more or less linear lanceolate, up to c. 25 em. long
and 2.5 em. broad, but usually not. much more than c. 20 cm. long and .
1.5 cm. wide ; apex long narrowed and usually pungent, with a long pale
spine, base gradually contracted ; margins of nearly all leaflets some-
times quite entire, but more often both margins with a few (1—8) short
forward pointing pungent teeth, the apex of the leaflet often 2—3-
dentate ; venation below fairly prominent but fine, c. 15—25 nerves in
median leaflets. Male cone solitary or several together, very variable in
height, very slender; peduncle variable, up to c. 20—22 cm. long,
c. 4 cm. diam., yellowish green, thinly pale brown woolly ; cone tapering
slightly from about middle to apex, base shortly and slightly tapered,
often up to c. 60—65 cm. long, J—10 cm. diam., with c. 21 spirals of scales,
general colour pale yellowish ; emitting a strong unpleasant smell when
ripe ; scales at an upward angle from the cone axis, not at right angles
as in most other species ; median scales c. 4 cm. long and 3.3 cm. across
widest part, c. 1.7 em. wide at base, very shortly stipitate, body almost
white, apices pale green, flattened, not beaked, more or less rhomboid,
upper edge rounded, lower with short inconspicuous irregular teeth,
glabroys except for a trace of minute reddish scaly hairs along lower

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 19

of Encephalartos.
edge ; cone curling up when dry. Female cone solitary or several together,
oblong’ ovoid, up to c. 30 em. tall and 12 cm. diam., peduncle up to ec.
22 cm. long ; exposed faces of scales flattened, not protruding, overlapping
downwards, more or less rhomboid, almost smooth, lower margin

Fig. 2. A, B—E. villosus, median female scale and seeds of cone from Chalumna
Causeway, E. London, from above and from front. C, D—E. horridus, median
female scales from above and from front, E—seed. F, G—H#H. horridus, median
male scale from side and from below.

About nat. size. Del: M. P. Henderson.

20 The Journal of South African Botany.

irregularly toothed or more or less entire; median scales c. 4.5 cm.
wide and 2.5 cm. vertically, stipe quadrangular, c. 2 cm. long, its angles
crisped ; seeds more or less oblong, c. 2.5 cm. long, sometimes. longer,
1.8 em. diam., scarlet.

Plants from Swaziland have much broader leaflets (up to c. 2.5 cm.)
than those from further south, which are taken to be typical. Drawings
and photographs in Nat. Herb. of the Swaziland plants and their female
cones show that the cone tends to be somewhat taller and more slender
than those seen on plants in Kirstenbosch.

(4) Encephalartos striatus Stapf & Burtt Davy in Burtt Davy, Fl.
Transvaal; I, 40, 99, fig. 4, C, F (1926); Hutchinson & Hea aes in Fl.
Cap. V, ii, 30 (1933), sub E. villosus Lem.

This s meee is reduced.to H. villosus Lem. by putea andl Rattray.
The only material available is a single sheet, and neither the exact
locality (given by Burtt Davy as Pretoria) nor the collector can be traced.

Specimens seen.—Pretoria, Reid 4 (Nat. Herb.).

The type sheet (the only material known) consists of part of what is
probably the central portion of a leaf, and two female cone scales without
seeds, which look as if they had been dried under pressure. In general
the leaf looks very like that of H. villosus except that it is more coriaceous.
The scales differ from those of villosus in having dried pale and smooth.
not blackish and wrinkled, the lower margin not toothed as is usual
(but not invariable) in villosus, and narrower and perhaps more decurved
scale apex.

In view of the fact that the plant is supposed to be a native of the
Transvaal, which appears to have its own peculiar group of species, and
because of the slight differences mentioned above, it is thought best to
keep it separate as a dubious species in the hope that it may be redis-
covered.

Burtt Davy mentions a plant offered for sale in the Pretoria market
and reported by J. Medley Wood as having been grown by him in Durban,
and says this may be £. striatus. No material of this has been seen in
the Natal Herbarium.

(5) Encephalartos horridus Lehm., Pugillus, VI, 4 (1834) ; Hutchin-
son & Rattray in Fl. Cap., V, ii, 32 (1933).

Nomenclature.—There seems to be no nomenclatural confusion or
difficulty with regard to this species, which was originally described,
as Zamia horrida, by Jacquin in 1800.

Distribution.—This species has a very restricted distribution, being
known only from the Addo Bush in the Uitenhage Division, Cape
Province.

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 21
of Encephalartos.

Specimens seen.—Despatch, Uitenhage Div., Rattray 1096 (Herb.
S.A. Mus.) ; specimens from cultivated Pleas: living plants in Kirsten-
bosch from Port Elizabeth.

Description—Hutchinson and Rattray describe the stem as “ sub-
terranean or very short’. Most of the plants at Kirstenbosch have dis-
tinct aerial stems up to about a foot tall, with a tendency to lean over.
They also remark that EZ.horridus and E.latifrons may be confused. In
fact these two species are very distinct, both in the field and in the
herbarium, and about the only character they have in common is their
spiny lobed leaflets. Leaves up to c. 65 cm. long, glaucous, apices much
recurved ; petiole variable in length, up to c. 13 cm., base of pulvinus
with brown wool; leaflets rather widely spaced in lower part of leaf,
closer together above with at least the lobes overlapping, rigid, ovate
lanceolate in general outline, lowermost leaflets reduced in size, the basal
1—4 pairs often entire, occasionally reduced to a single prickle, upper
leaflets deeply cut on the lower margin into 1—3 spine tipped lobes ;
median leaflets up to c. 10 em. long and 2.5 cm. wide, excluding lobes,
lobes up to 4 em. long; body of leaflet severely curled back, the lobes
twisted out of the plane of the leaflet, apex of leaflet with long hard
Spine, base more or less contracted and decurrent ; nervation below
obscure. Male cone solitary, peduncle c. 8 cm. long and 3 cm. diam.,
surrounded at base by woolly bracts, yellow below, green above, with
sparse grey wool mixed with reddish scaly hairs; cone up to c. 38 cm.
tall, 1O—11 cm. diam., narrowly fusiform, tapering gently to apex
and base from about middle, general colour reddish brown, c. 15
spirals of scales. Median scales broadly obovate, c. 4 cm. long and
3.5 cm. greatest width, beak short and broad, projecting c. 1 cm. beyond
sporangial surface, lateral angles acute, almost winged, upper angle
rounded, sometimes with an ill-defined broad ridge, abruptly humped,
lower angle rounded, surface smooth or lightly corrugate, apex irregu-
larly rhomboid, shallowly excavate, smooth, up to c. 0.9 cm. across
x 0.6 cm.; whole of beak covered with blackish or reddish adpressed
scaly hairs over a pale green ground, body of scale pale yellow. Female
cone oblong ovate to oblong ellipsoid, up to c. 40 c. x 20 cm. Median
scales c. 4—4.5 cm. across base of exposed face, c. 3—3.5 cm. in vertical’
depth, exposed face protruding c. 2 cm., more or less quadrangular (but
with occasional traces of 1 or 2 extra faces), the faces smooth or slightly
corrugate, sloping up to a rather.large more or less quadrangular flat
apex c. 1.5 cm. diam., shallowly depressed, not hollowed, smooth or
slightly rugose, surrounded by a narrow raised rim ; upper and lateral
angles rounded but with narrow sharp ridges, lower angle rounded and

22 The Journal of South African Botany.

slightly protuberant ; surface of exposed face dull arsenic green with
sparse mixed pale and blackish scaly hairs becoming more dense until
they form a band of dark colour near junction with adjoining scales ;
interior part of scale with a narrow band of light green, then pale yellow,
stipe c..3.3 cm. long; seeds pale red or carmine, c. 3.5 c.m long, 2.4
cm. diam., more or less triangular in section with three flattened faces,
hardly tapered to the wedge-shaped distal end, hilum unusually small. .

(6) Encephalartos latifrons Lehm. Hutchinson & Rattray in FI.
Cap., V, ii, 36 (1933).

Nomenclature.—From the synonyms given by Hutchinson and Rattray
this'species has been confused with H.horridus. Hutchinson and Rattray
themselves say that this is liable to happen and give a table of differences.
In fact the two species differ very considerably, not only in general
appearance but in details of leaf and cone characters.

Distribution.—This is a species of restricted distribution, the typical
form at least being known only from the Uitenhage and Bathurst
Divisions.

Specimens seen.—Near Paardepoort, Uitenhage Div., MacOwan
1379 (Herb. S.A. Mus.), MacOwan s.n. (Albany Mus. Herb.) ; Trappes
Valley, Bathurst Div., Rattray 1100 (Herb. S.A. Mus., Herb. Bol.),
Rattray 8439 (Nat. Herb.); East London, Rattray 1095 (Herb. S.A.

_Mus.), probably from a cultivated plant. Living plants in Kirstenbosch
from Bathurst and Grahamstown (the latter possibly from a garden).

Description.—Kirstenbosch possesses a very fine collection of this
rare species, the tallest plant having a stem 8—9 ft. high. Leaves when
young finely pubescent all over, mature leaves glabrous, dark green,
up to c. 90—100 em. long, stiff, apex more or less recurved, sometimes
completely curled back, petiole variable in length, up to c. 20 cm. long,
pulvinus stout with conspicuous whitish collar; Jeaflets overlapping,
the lower ones spreading and more or less reduced in size, but not to
prickles, upper ones in a V and set very much across rachis, ovate,
oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, median ones largest, up to c. 14 cm.
long and 6 cm. broad, base broad, apex rather abruptly acute with a
short stiff dark brown spine ; lower margin with usually not more than
4 deep, more or less triangular pungent lobes, upper margin entire or
occasionally with 1 or 2 short pungent lobes, margin of leaflet thickened,
nerves numerous and distinct below; lobes of leaflets abruptly bent
back out of the plane of leaflet, or forward, or not bent, often all three
conditions on same leaflet, the whole of the lower margin sometimes
bent backwards or forwards in addition. Male cone: the only male
cone so far seen on the Kirstenbosch plants was solitary, oblong-cylindric,
ce, 50 em. tall, 16—17 cm. diam., nearly sessile, broadest near base, tapered

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 23
_of Encephalartos.

very slightly to apex, scale beaks very prominent, twisted sideways
and downwards, beaks of uppermost scales slender, becoming shorter
and thicker towards base of cone ; general colour blue green. Median
scales: body broadly oblong obovate, c. 4 em. long to base of beak,
c. 3 cm. greatest width, beak projecting ce. 2 em. beyond sporangial
surface ; body pale yellow, beak blue green, sparsely covered with ad-
pressed red scaly hairs, strongly curved downwards and somewhat
twisted sideways, lateral angles acute, or one acute and the other
flattened, upper angle with a broad raised ridge, the lower angle with
one or several raised striations, flattened apical part hardly excavate,
variable in shape, but usually broader than deep, oblique. Female cone ;
apparently produced at long intervals, solitary (in the only specimen
seen), oblong, sessile, narrowed to apex, c. 60 cm. tall, c. 23 em. diam.,
general colour green; median scales: total length c. 8.5 cm., greatest
width (about apex of stipe) c. 5.5 cm.; exposed face c. 4.5 cm. across
at base, c. 3—3.5 cm. vertically, protruding c. 2—2.5 cm., more or less
rhomboid or faintly hexagonal, appearing flattened dorso-ventrally,
whole surface deeply cut into irregular pointed or blunt papillae, more
evident on the upper surface where they tend to point backwards, less
evident on lower surface and there tending to point forwards, the whole
sparsely covered with pale brownish scaly hairs mixed with sparse dark
brown scales over a yellowish green ground ; lateral angles rounded to
subacute, upper angle with a broad obscure ridge or sometimes with a
narrow abrupt crest, lower angle rounded and slightly prominent or
almost flat; apical umbilicus irregular in shape and size, usually c.
1—1.3 em. diam., more or less excavate, sometimes deeply, its margins
often protruding, its surface rugose but not so deeply cut as rest of ex-
posed face ; body of scale where adjoining adjacent scales yellow, very
deep, c. 2.5 cm. from base of exposed face to apex of stipe (measured
on lower surface), closely and shallowly rugose, sinus arms very short,
their margins lacerate, stipe pale yellow, angled, c. 4—4.5 cm. long ;
seeds c. 5 em. long, c. 2—2.5 em. greatest diam., red, narrowly oblong,
angled, slightly tapered to distal end. The upper scales protrude further
than the median scales and have a smaller apical umbilicus, the basal
scales hardly protrude, their apices with a large irregularly shaped
flattened area.

This female cone was just erupting at the end of February, 1944.
By September it was fully grown.and it began to disintegrate at the end
of November.

The main group of latifrons in Kirstenbosch is very uniform in general
appearance, there being little variation in foliage characters between

24 The Journal of South African Botany.

Fig. 3. A, C—H. latifrons, median female scale from above and from front, B—seed.
D, E—8. latifrons, median male scale from below and from side. EK—H#. sp.
aff. latifrons, Henderson 1680, median male scale from below.

About nat. size. : Del: M. P. Henderson.

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 25
of Encephalartos.

the youngest plants with very short stems and the very oldest. There
are, however, a number of other plants obviously closely related to the
typical form of latifrons (assumed to be the plant from Bathurst), but
differing from it to a greater or lesser degree, and differing among them-
selves.

There are two plants in the collection, one male and one female, which
have been collected and numbéred Henderson 1680 (male), and Hender-
son 2183 (female). These appear to constitute one group. Fresh male
cones have been seen but only very old and weathered female cone scales.
These plants have lost their labels, but a specimen from Kirstenbosch
in the Bolus Herbarium agrees closely with Henderson 1680 and bears
the Gardens number N.B.G. 2497A/16 and the locality Mount Coke,
Kingwilliamstown. Another specimen in the Bolus Herbarium of what
appears to be this group was collected by Galpin s.n. on the farm of Mr.
W. C. Nachenius, De Kol, Alexandria district. The Cape Town Municipal
Gardens possess plants from De Kol presented by Mr. Nachenius which
are nearer to Henderson 1680 than to typical latifrons, but they have
more widely spaced leaflets and the apex of the stem is not glabrous, but
bears a quantity of loose light brown wool.

Description.—Leaves longer than those of typical latifrons, glaucous,
the underside of leaflets in young leaves with a fine powdery tomentum,
the petiole and rachis not softly tomentose as in young latifrons ; leaflets
longer in proportion to breadth, median leaflets c. 15.5 em. long, 4—5
em. broad, mort closely spaced, lower leaflet margins and lobes not so
abruptly bent back, leaf tips not abruptly recurved. Male cones : multiple,
peduncle 3—4 cm. long, 4—5 cm. diam., green, with a few scattered
bracts ; cone 60—63 cm. long, greatest diam., about the middle, c.
15 cm., spindleshaped, tapering gradually from about the middle to each
end, slightly curved, with 23—24 spirals of scales ; median scales : body
yellow, oblong to oblong obovate, c. 3.5—4 em. long, 3—3.5 cm. greatest
width, beak green, projecting c. 1.5 cm. beyond sporangial surface,
nearly straight, lower surface with fine adpressed reddish scaly hairs,
upper surface with only a few hairs near lateral angles and on apex ;
lateral angles acute, upper angle bluntly ridged and humped, lower angle
with a definite but not very prominent narrow ridge, flattened apical part
more or less quadrangular, 5—8 mm. across, but variable in size, verti-
cally oblique, lower edge very slightly irregularly toothed, surface more
or less smooth, not excavate ; .upper scales with longer beaks, beaks
progressively shorter with larger and more decurved apices towards
base of cone. This cone differs from that of latifrons in having slightly
broader scales with a shorter and much straighter beak. The cone scales

26 The Journal: of South African Botany.

of the female plant (Henderson 2183) seem to be very similar to those of
latifrons in their general shape and rugosity, but the protruding apex
appears to be longer, narrower and more abrupt.

Another female plant, also without particulars of origin, numbered
Henderson 1562 differs only from Henderson 2183 in the somewhat
shorter leaves, not glaucous but deep green when young, the leaflets
somewhat less lobed. It differs from typical latifrons in the much narrower,
less lobed leaflets, with the leaflet margins and lobes hardly twisted. Only
very old cone scales of this plant have been seen, but they agree closely
with those of Henderson 2183.

Another group is represented by Henderson 2017, a single young piant

growing in permanent shade and of which no particulars are known.
A specimen in the Albany Mus. Herb., from a plant cultivated in the
Botanic Gardens Grahamstown, Tidmarsh s.n., origin not stated, is
very probably the same. Hutchinson and Rattray have determined
this specimen as L. latifrons Lehm., but do not quote it in Fl. Cap.

Description Apex of stem just above ground. Leaves c. 124 cm.
long, petiole c. 18 em., pulvinus not very broad, more or less woolly,
collar whitey-brown with reddish brown margin, not in a straight line
across upper surface of pulvinus as in L. latifrons and most other species,
but in an irregular V pointing to apex of leaf; rachis bluish green with
‘slight bloom ; apex of Jeaf twisted to one side and a little recurved,
but not abruptly so ; leaflets c. 29 pairs, dark green, not glaucous, little
reduced at leaf base although there may be one much reduced basal
leaflet, well spaced, lower ones not overlapping, median and upper
overlapping slightly, those in lower half of leaf spreading, the upper
in a V, nearly all flat or slightly recurved ; median leaflets c. 128}
em. long, 4—5 em. wide, general outline oblong ovate, the lower margin
usually 3-lobed, upper margin very rarely lobed, lobes in same plane as
leaflet or pointing inwards slightly, body of leaflet usually with a longi-
tudinal fold, making the upper surface concave ; base of leaflet broad,
faintly paler green than rest of leaflet, not yellow ; lobes pungent ; lower
surface of leaflet paler than upper, veins slender but quite visible, darker
than surface, c. 40. No cones have been seen.

Differs from latifrons chiefly in the laxer leaves with more widely

spaced leaflets of thinner texture, the lobes hardly twisted out of the
plane of the leaflet.

E. latifrons is doubtless, like many other species, variable in foliage,
but the differences pointed out above are rather striking, and they are
accompanied in one instance by differences in the male cones. More
collecting is obviously necessary, and careful comparison of female

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 27
of Encephalartos.

cones from various localities may show that varietal differences at least,
if not specific differences, exist.

(7) Encephalartos kosiensis Hutchinson in Kew Bull. (1932), 512 ;
Hutchinson & Rattray in Fl. Cap., V, ii, 34 (1933) ; Compton in Hook.
Tcones, t. 3320 (1933); Ogilvie in Kew Bull. (1939),.655, Pl. IV.

Distribution —From Zululand to Portuguese East Africa, usually
near the coast. The most southerly record is from Kosi Bay, Zululand,
but there is reason to believe that it extends considerably further south
than this.

Specimens seen.—Near Kosi Lake, E. Ingwavuma Distr., Zululand,
Aitken & Gale 63, type collection (Nat. Herb.) ; Kosi Bay, Zululand,
Lugge s.n. (Nat. Herb. 16507); Zululand, Nicholson s.n. (Nat. Herb.) ;
Kosi Bay, Zululand, cult. in Durban, Forbes in Herb. Nat. 26207, Schweic-
kerdt & Ogilvie in Herb. Natal. 29875, 29876, 29877, 29878, 30434 (Herb.
Natal.) ; Inhaca Island, 20 miles east of Lourenco Marques, Portuguese
EK. Africa, Mogg 17216, Mogg, Moss & Weintroub s.n. (Nat. Herb.) ; cult.
in Lourenco Marques, da Torre s.n. (Nat. Herb.).

This species has been adequately described and figured by R. H.
Compton and B. M. L. Ogilvie in the publications quoted above. Kirsten-
bosch possesses five well-grown plants. One, in slight shade, is more
vigorous than the others, with larger leaves, the leaflets not reduced to
prickles. One male cone has been seen, which when mature was deep
shrimp pink to coral pink. One young female cone has also been seen,
and this too was shrimp pink in colour, but it was injured in some way
when young and did not mature. The female cones have been described
elsewhere as vermilion, flaming scarlet, salmon red.

The male scales figured in Hooker, [cones t. 3220 show a prolongation
of the lateral angles which has apparently been added to the original
drawing by F. M. Leighton by the artist who prepared the plate for publi-
cation.

(8) Encephalartos Lehmannii Lehm. Pugillus VI, 14 (1834) ; Hutchin-
son & Rattray in Fl. Cap. V, ii, 34 (1933).

» Nomenclature —lf HE. Lehmannii is accepted as defined by Hutchinson
and Rattray, then there should be no nomenclatural difficulty. The
basinym is Zamia Lehmanniana Ecklon & Zeyher (1833) a nomen nudum.
An earlier name is provided by Zamia pungens Ait., Hort. Kew. V,
410 (1813). Lehmann transferred this to Encephalartos, apparently
taking it to be distinct from Lehmannii. De Candolle, Prod. XVI, ii,
lists it amongst species dubiae, but Hutchinson and Rattray reduce it to
Lehmannii. From Aiton’s description this appears to be the correct

28 The Journal of South African Botany.

disposition of it. The name pungens is not available for our plant, there
being an earlier Zamia pungens Linn. fil. ex Salisb. Prod. (1796).

But a study of the large living collections in Kirstenbosch leads to
the conclusion that H. Lehmannii sensu Flora Capensis is very probably
a mixture of several closely related species. This view was held by older
authors, to judge from the synonymy given in Flora Capensis, although
for the most part their species were described from leaf specimens only.
There are, therefore, names available for some at least of the segregates
from Lehmann, but the correct application of them will not be an easy
matter.

The diagnosis of #. Lehmannuw given by Lehmann is as follows : * H.
caudice glabro, rhachi subtetragono pinnisque pruinoso glaucis lanceo-
latis acutis mucronatis integerrimis glabris.” This description would
exclude forms with lobed leaflets, but it does not take us much further.
Aiton’s description of H. pungens indicates that it also is a form with
entire leaflets, and he adds the significant phrase “ fructo nigro”. Of
the four forms known with female cones there is only one to which this
phrase could apply and it has entire leaflets. It is possible that #H.
pungens Ait. is an exact synonym of H. Lehmanni, in which case the
name 2. Lehmannii will be the one to use for the form which I have called
“A” in this paper. But to prove this there must be a type specimen
of Lehmannw with female cone scales. If there is not, the best procedure
would seem to be to select the form *“ A” as the typical form and to
apply to it the name H. Lehmanniv.

E. spinulosus Lehm. may be applicable to one of the lobed leaflet
forms. De Candolle, Prod. XVI, ii, 531 describes this as a variety of
EL. Lehmanniw and says “juniorum speciminum segmentis omnibus
spinulosa dentatis. Probabiliter status juvenilis*’. The difficulty will
be to apply the name correctly, and it may not be possible to do so if female
cones were not described. In short, although it is probably perfectly
correct to assign to H. Lehmannii sens. lat. the names listed by Hutchinson
and Rattray, these names cannot be interpreted accurately when the
narrower view of Lehmannii is taken, unless their types, if they exist,
embody female cone scales, or their descriptions describe them. It
may, therefore, be necessary to describe as new at least three species
hitherto regarded as Lehmannii, and possibly more, but, as explained
later, further field work is needed before this can be done.

. horridus var. trispinosa Hook., Bot. Mag. t. 5371, correctly assigned
to the Lehmannii complex by Hutchinson and Rattray, is probably the
form “‘C ” described later in this paper.

Distribution. —The range of H. Lehmanni sensu Flora Capensis is
from Willowmore Div. to Tsoma and Komgha, and from near the mouth

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 29
of Encephalartos.

of the Kowie River, Bathurst Div., inland to Cradock and
Queenstown.

Description—From a study of the Kirstenbosch collections and
herbarium material four forms with distinctive female cones have been
recognised. ‘Two of these, forms “A” and “ D”’, have leaflets which
are all or nearly all entire, the other two, forms ““ Bl ” and “ B2”’, have
many leaflets conspicuously lobed.

Fig. 4. E. Lehmannii, form “A”. A—female scale from above. B—seed. C—

fi front. A and C about nat. size, B a little enlarged.
ae : Del: M. P. Henderson.

30 The Journal of South African Botany.

Form ‘‘ A.’’—Plant with stout stem, suckering freely ; leaves c.
90—120 em. long, apex recurved and often twisted sideways, petiole
c. 25.5 em. long with a very stout pulvinus brown woolly at base, and
with a conspicuous red-brown collar, the whole leaf dull blue green, green
when very old ; leaflets not crowded, hardly overlapping except slightly
, at leaf apex, median ones up to c. 18 em. long, 1.8 cm. broad, pungent,
terminal spine 5 mm. or more long, those in basal half of leaf spreading
and somewhat recurved, those of upper 1/3 in a V; upper and lower
margins more or less equally narrowed to apex ; leaflets entire, except
occasionally on leaves of young suckers, venation below fine but distinct.
Female cone solitary, nearly sessile, ovate oblong, apex narrowed, ec.
48 cm. tall and 22—23 cm. diam., general colour blackish red, some-
times with the scale apices greyish ; median scales : exposed face more
or less rhomboid, c. 6 em. across and 3.5 cm. vertically, protruding
c. 2 em., upper and lower angles rounded, nearly equal, the lower a little
more obtuse and prominent, a narrow raised line from centre of upper
angle to centre of upper margin of apical umbilicus, lateral angles acute
to winged ; apical umbilicus rather irregular in shape, c. 1.5—1.8 cm.
across, 1—1.5 cm. vertically, hardly excavate, its upper margin more
or less winged and projecting, surface very lightly and inconspicuously
rugose ; surface of exposed face smooth, blackish because of a dense
coat of blackish scaly hairs over a green ground, these hairs stopping
abruptly near base of exposed face, leaving a green band 0.5—1 cm.
deep which changes rather abruptly into the pale yellow of the inner
part of scale ; stipe pale yellow, angled, c. 3.5—4 cm. long, sinus arms
short, less than + length of seed; sinus c. 1.5 cm. across; seeds pale
coral red, becoming more yellow at distal end, angled, compressed, c.
4,.7—5 cm. long, 2.5—2.8 cm. greatest diam.

Specimens seen.—One plant cultivated at Kirstenbosch, exact origin
unknown, Henderson 1445 (Herb. N.B.G.) ; Jansenville Div., McLaughlin
16032 (Herb. Bol.)—the leaflets in this specimen with 1—2 short spine-
tipped teeth on lower margin, the female cone rather young, but with
smooth scales.

Form ‘ D.’’—Plant with stout stem. Leaves resembling those of
form “A” but differing slightly in appearance and in certain minor
characters ; c. 90 cm. long (shorter than in “‘ A ’’), apex slightly recurved
and twisted sideways, petiole 15—21 cm. long, more slender than in
“A” with a less stout pulvinus and collar of a dirty white, whole leaf
bright blue green, becoming duller with age, rachis yellow green, leaflet
bases yellowish ; leaflets hardly overlapping except, in upper part of
leaf, linear lanceolate, entire or nearly so, median ones up to c. 14 cm.

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 3l
of Encephalartos.

long and 1.3 cm. broad, pungent, terminal spine rarely as much as 4
mm. long, basal leaflets more reduced in size than‘in ‘“‘ A,” and all in
a very regular V from base to apex, not spreading or recurved ; slightly
faleate ; venation below rather indistinct, very fine. Female cones
multiple, oblong, more or less abruptly subacuminate due to 5—7 spirals
of reduced scales at apex ; median scales : greatest width ec. 4.5 cm.,
greatest depth vertically c. 3.5 cm., length from base of stipe to apex of

Fig. 5. E. Lehmannii, form “ D”. A—female scale from above. B—seed. C—
scale from front. About natural size.
Del; M. P. Henderson.

scale ec. 7 em., sinus arms variable but usually less than half length of
seed ; exposed face protruding c. 2 cm., dull green, c. 3.5 cm. across and
3.3—3.4 em. vertically, lateral angles rounded, not ridged or winged,
lower angle broadly rounded, somewhat projecting, upper angle usually
with two rather obscure ridges c. 1 cm. apart, forming a flat ridge of that
width, or sometimes with one ridge centrally, or with a central ridge
and a very obscure one to one side ; surface all over cut into deep irregular
elongate papillae with rounded tips, closely packed together and pointing

32 The Journal of South African Botany.

forward, covered with a sparse tomentum of whitish and brownish
scaly hairs; apical umbilicus shallowly excavate, well marked by its
raised rim, more or less orbicular, or roughly triangular, or more or
less quadrate, not more than c. 1.5 em. across and 1 cm. high, rugose,
but not so deeply cut as rest of exposed face ; inner part of scale body
slightly reddish yellow shading to pale yellow, c. 1—1.5 cm. from base
of exposed face to apex of sinus; stipe pale yellow, angled, c. 3.5 cm.
long ; seed cochineal red, c. 4 cm. long, 2 em. diam., angled, tapering
to wedge shaped distal end.

Specimens seen.—One plant cultivated at Kirstenbosch, exact origin
unknown, Henderson 1645 (Herb. N.B.G.); valley of the Zwart Kei,
Queenstown Div.,. Galpin 8090 (Herb. S.A: Mus., Nat. Herb.) ; near
junction of Kabusie and Kei rivers, near Komgha, G. G. Smith 5761
(Herb. N.B.G.)—a fresh, not quite ripe female cone and photograph of
plants.

Form “‘ B1.’’—Plant with stout stem (up to c. 90 em. in Kirstenbosch
plants) ; Jeaves c. 90 cm. long, blue green, apex markedly recurved and
more or less twisted sideways, pulvinus with dirty white collar, petiole
c. 18—20.5 em. long ;. leaflets not overlapping except to some extent
in upper part of leaf, slightly reduced at base, median ones up to
c. 15.5 em. long and 1.5 cm. wide, linear lanceolate or linear oblong
(excluding lobes), often slightly falcate, gradually tapering to a stiff
apical spine 5—6 mm. long, lower leaflets usually entire, or occasionally
with one or two narrow, deep, spine tipped lobes on lower margin, the
upper leaflets usually with 1—3 similar lobes on lower margins, the
lobes usually twisted out of the plane of the leaflet. Female cone solitary,
almost sessile, oblong, narrowed at apex, 48—50.5 cm. long, c. 18 cm.
diam., with 3—4 spirals of sterile scales at apex, general colour blue
green or yellowish green, with sometimes an arsenic green or yellow
green zone at base of exposed face; median scales: greatest width
c. 6.5 em., greatest depth vertically c. 4 cm., length from base of stipe
to apex of scale c. 9 em.; exposed face c. 5—6 cm. across, 3.5—4 cm.
vertically, protruding ¢. 2.5—3 cm., upper angle rounded but marked by
a raised rugose ridge, lower angle depressed, lateral angles acute, some-
times almost winged, surface deeply rugose with irregular pointed
rugosities, sparsely adpressed whitish scaly hairy; apical umbilicus pro-
minent, margins protruding, its surface excavate and smooth or slightly
pitted, nearly glabrous or with sparse white scaly hairs, quadrangular
or nearly orbicular in outline, usually c. 1 em. diam.; body of scale
where adjoining adjacent scales c. 1 cm. deep, stipe c. 5—5.5 em. long,
angled, pale yellow, sinus up to c. 2 em. across, sinus arms c. 2—2.5 em.
long, irregular in shape, acute, sharply 3-angled, the outer or sometimes

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 33
. of Encephalartos.

all angles winged and irregularly toothed ; seeds c. 5 cm. long and 2 cm.
diam., oblong, truncate at both ends, slightly tapered to distal end
, and there wedge shaped, reddish orange to yellow orange with a semi-
translucent band of dirty orange at distal end, 1.5—2 cm. deep.
Specimens seen.—Living plants in Kirstenbosch, exact origin unknown,
Henderson 1644, 2026 (Herb. N.B.G.) ; north slopes of Bothasberg, near

Fig. 6. E. Lehmannii, form “Bl”. A—female scale from above. B—-seed.
C—seale from front. A and C natural size, B a little enlarged.
Del: M. PR. Henderson.

Grahamstown, Galpin 3083 (Herb. Bol., Nat. Herb.) ; cult. in Municipal
Gardens, Cape Town, origin not stated, Chalwin 849 (Herb. S.A. Mus.).
Form ‘‘ B2’’.—Plant with stout aerial stem, in the Kirstenbosch
plant c. 60 cm. tall with domed apex. Leaves c. 90 em. long, closely
resembling those of form “ Bl ”’, but usually with somewhat less lobing
of the leaflets, the lobes less twisted out of the plane of the leaflet. Female

34 The Journal of South African Botany.

cone solitary, almost sessile, ovate oblong, narrowed at apex with 3—4
spirals of reduced scales, general colour yellowish. Median scales : exposed
face more or less quadrangular-rhomboid, c. 4.5—5 em. across and
3.5—4 em. vertically, protruding 1—1.5 cm., pale blue-green with slight
yellowish tinge, the yellow sometimes evident at base of free face, surface
minutely white dotted and with a few scattered adpressed white scaly

Fig. 7. H. Lehmannii, form “ B2”. A—female scale from above. B—seed.
C—scale from front. About natural size.
Del: M. P. Henderson.

hairs, rough with rounded ridges and bumps tending to radiate from
apical umbilicus, but not deeply rugose as in “ BI”; apical umbilicus
below centre of face, more or less orbicular, c. 1—1.3 cm. diam., shallowly
excavate, margin slightly raised, protruding little, smooth ; upper angle
rounded and rather obscurely ridged, sometimes with two parallel obscure
or fairly well defined ridges, lower angle depressed, not ridged, lateral
angles acute, running slightly upwards from apical umbilicus ; stipe pale
yellow, stout, c. 3.5 em. long, sinus arms triangular, winged on angles,

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 35
of Encephalartos.

c. 2—2.4 cm. long, sinus c. 2 em. across, but often smaller, one sinus often
smaller than the other ; body of scale where adjoining adjacent scales
pale or dirty yellow, up to c. 2 cm. deep ; seeds scarlet or dark orange red,
more or less elliptic in section at proximal end, becoming somewhat
paler towards distal end and there narrowly oblong in section, up to c.
4 em. long and 2 cm. diam.

Specimens seen.—One plant cultivated at Kirstenbosch, origin un-
known, Henderson 1981 (Herb. N.B.G.). No herbarium material from
wild plants has been seen which can safely be assigned to this form.

Of the four forms described above, one individual of Form “ A ”’
has been seen. This plant is very vigorous with many suckers and has
produced, from suckers and main stem, 3 cones in the past two years.
Of “‘ Bl ” two individuals have been seen, with one cone each, and of
“ B2” and “ D ” one individual each, the first with one cone, the second
with three simultaneous cones.

In addition to the above four forms there are at Kirstenbosch two
further forms which have been distinguished mainly on foliage characters.
Unfortunately only male plants have so far been seen of them.

Form ‘‘ C ’’.—This differs from other forms with lobed leaflets in
the larger and laxer leaves, with more widely spaced, less lobed and
longer leaflets. Leaves up to c. 90 cm. long, apex more or less recurved,
and often twisted sideways, blue-green, glaucous, green when old, petiole
variable in length, up to c. 30 cm., pulvinus stout with conspicuous dirty-
white collar ; leaflets spaced, only the lobes in upper part of leaf over-.
lapping, linear lanceolate, median ones up to c. 18 em. long, 2 cm. broad,
upper surface concave, slightly contracted at base and there pale yellow,
apex long narrowed into a stiff pale yellow, or pale yellow tipped dark
brown, spine usually over 5 mm. long, leaflets in a wide V, the lower some-
times spreading but not recurved, basal ones reduced somewhat in size,
but never to prickles or lobed ; leaflets in upper 1/3 of leaf with 1—3,
usually 1, rarely 3, deep narrow lobes up to c. 4 cm. long on lower margin,
pungent like apex of leaflet, the lobes often but not always twisted out
of plane of leaflet; in some leaves many of the upper leaflets entire ;
venation below fine but distinct, c. 21 nerves in median leaflets. The
only male cone yet seen was narrowly cylindric fusiform, tapered very
gently from about middle to apex and base, c. 33 cm. long, 7.5 cm.
greatest diam., peduncle c. 4.5 em. long, partly hidden by woolly bracts ;
general colour of cone green; c. 22 spirals of scales; median scales
_ broadly obovate oblong, c. 3 cm. long and 2.3—2.4 cm. greatest width,
body pale yellow, margins irregularly wavy, beak projecting c. 0.9—1 cm.
beyond sporangial surface, green, lightly wrinkled, almost smooth,

36 The Journal of South African Botany.

glabrous except for a few scattered whitish scaly hairs near base and
dark scaly hairs near apex ; lateral angles more or less acute, almost
winged, upper angle humped and rounded, lower angle with a more abrupt
hump and a faint ridge ; flattened apex of beak more or less quadrangular
or rhomboid, hardly excavate, smooth or nearly so, 0.4—0.5 cm. diam.,
margin not toothed. Lower scales wider in proportion to length, with

Fig. 8. EH. Lehmannii, male cone scales.
A—Henderson 1595; B—MacOwan 1959; C—Henderson 2025; D—Hender-
son 2025, basal scale ; E—Henderson 2005 ; F—Henderson 1594; G—Hender-
son 2006; H—Henderson 1444; J—Henderson 1444, sucker cone; K—Hen-
derson 2008; L—Henderson 1590.

larger flattened apex of which the lower margin tends to become irre-
cular and projecting.

Specimens seen.—Two plants in Kirstenbosch, exact origin unknown,
Henderson 1513, 2025 (Herb. N.B.G.), Fig. 8, C. No herbarium material

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 37
of Encephalartos.

from wild plants has been seen which would fit exactly this form. £.
horridus var. trispinosa Hook., Bot. Mag. t. 5371 probably belongs here.

Form ‘‘ F ’’.—Differs from “ A” and ‘“ D” in the very narrow up-
right leaves with the leaflets pointing upwards but the basal ones not
in a V, apex of leaf rather abruptly recurved, leaflets short, very crowded,
with a tendency to have short spine tipped lobes on the lower margins,
especially at apex of leaf; petiole short. No fresh male cones have yet
been available.

Specimens seen.—At least two plants in Kirstenbosch, exact origin
unknown, Henderson 1444, 2008 (Herb. N.B.G.), Fig. 8, H, J, K. No
herbarium material from wild plants has been seen which can be assigned
to this form.

An attempt has been made, with practically no success, to assign
various male plants in the Lehmanni group cultivated at Kirstenbosch
to the four female forms. Although there are differences in foliage
between forms “A” and “D’”’, it has not been found possible to say
with certainty whether male plants with entire leaflets belong to either
of them ; nor can one say whether male plants with lobed leaflets belong
to forms “ Bl” or “ B2”. Exact records of the origin of each plant
might have solved the difficulty, but these are not available, and so a
considerable amount of field work will be necessary not only to correlate
the sexes of the various forms but also to map their areas of distribution.

There are considerable differences in cone shape and in shape of scales
in the male plants at Kirstenbosch and it has been thought advisable to
record briefly what has been learnt. The outline sketches have all been
made from median scales of dried cones.

Forms with entire leaflets —Henderson 2005 (Herb. N.B,G.), Fig. 8,
E. In foliage this resembles “A” rather than ““D”’. The scales differ
from those of “F” (Fig. 8, H, J, K.) in tending to have the flattened
apex of the beak deeper than wide, but the differences are small and
difficult to describe. ;

Henderson 1594, 2006 (Herb. N.B.G.), Fig. 8, F, G. These resemble
“TD” in foliage. The beak of the median scales tends to be narrower
and relatively more prominent than in form “EF” or in Henderson
2005 (Fig. 8, E), and it appears to be less wrinkled.

Forms with lobed leaflets—Henderson 1595 (Herb. N.B.G.), Fig.
8, A. This cone is very distinct from all others seen in its shape—broadest
above middle, tapering gradually to base and more abruptly to apex,
and in the shape of the scales, which have a much shorter and more
abrupt beak than usual, with a more pronounced downward curve.

38 The Journal of South. African Botany.

The sporangia are visible at the base of the beak just before the cone
elongates, which is not the case in other Lehmanni cones.

Henderson 1590, 2146, 2147, 2148 (Herb. N.B.G.), Fig. 8, L. A group
of five plants, whose origin cannot now be traced have been planted some
distance away from the main Lehmanni group in Kirstenbosch. They
vary a little amongst themselves, due mainly to differences in vigour of
growth, and there is little doubt that they belong to Lehmannii, form
““B.” Only one male cone has been seen and the scales differ in shape
rather markedly from those of Henderson 1595 and MacOwan 1959,

. the only others in the “‘B” group of which male cone scales have been
seen. The cone (of Henderson 1590) is c. 31 cm. long, c. 9.5 cm. greatest
diam., more or less cylindric, gradually tapered from just below middle
to apex and base, slightly curved, c. 17 spirals of scales, general colour
dull pale amber yellow ; peduncle c. 5 em. long, thinly whitish woolly,
basal 1/3 or 1/4 hidden by short erect woolly bracts; median scales
broadly obovate oblong, c. 3.5 cm. total length, c. 2.4 cm. greatest
width, beak projecting c. 0.8—0.9 cm. beyond sporangial surface ;
margins of scale body and lower parts of lateral angles irregularly
toothed, upper angle abruptly humped with a raised ridge running to
apex of beak, lower angle rounded or slightly humped ; apex of beak
with an irregularly quadrate or hexagonal flattened area c. 0.5 cm.
diam., smooth, hardly excavate, lower margin very slightly toothed
in basal scales; beak almost glabrous, with a few scattered white
scaly hairs.

The forms with entire or nearly entire leaflets, therefore, have male
cone scales which are all similar, so far as material has been available.
On the other hand, the forms which might be assigned to ““ BI ” or “‘ B2 ”
have scales which differ amongst themselves rather markedly and differ
also from the entire leaflet forms. The scale of form “C” resembles one
of the “B’”’ forms.

In addition to the herbarium material so far enumerated, the follow-
ing has also been seen :—

Lobed leaflet forms—Mouth of Kowie River, 250 ft., Bathurst Div.,
MacOwan 1959 (Herb. S.A. Mus.). This specimen consists of two pairs
of very deeply lobed leaflets and a section of a mature male cone. The
scales differ from others in being broader and more ovate. They are
c. 3.5 em. long, c. 2.5 cm. greatest width, beak projecting beyond
sporangial surface 0.6—0.7 cm., upper angle of beak prominently ridged,
flattened apical part rather large, irregular in shape. (Fig. 12, B).
Penrock Farm, 10—12 miles from Grahamstown, Dyer 1184 (Albany
Mus. Herb.) ; near Fish River, 1,800 ft., MacOwan 1380 (Herb. Bol.).

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 39
of Encephalartos.

Entire leaflet forms.—West of Miller station, 950 m., Willowmore
Div., Andreae 999 (Nat. Herb.), ? form “A”; Ratelsberg, about 7
miles north of Jansenville, Dyer 4011 (Nat. Herb.), ? form “A”; Cran-
mere, Pearston Div:, Palmer s.n. (Nat. Herb.), ? form ‘‘ A”; Enon,
Uitenhage Div., Thode A2758 (Herb. Natal., Nat. Herb.), ? form “A”
or “DD”; northern slopes of Zuurberg, near Paardepoort, 1,800 ft.,
Bolus 1875 (Herb. Bol.), ? form “A”; Junction Farm, Queenstown,
Rattray 1274 (Albany Mus. Herb.), ? form “F”’; rocky slopes near
Komgha, Flanagan 1373 (Herb. Bol., Herb. S.A. Mus., Nat. Herb.),
¢ form “ D” ; living plant from 1} miles east of Kei Bridge, Courtenay-
_Latumer s.n., ? form “ D.”

At present only a tentative mapping of the various forms of Lehmannii
can be attempted. It looks as if form “‘ A ”’ were restricted to the western
part of the area, from Willowmore Div. to about as far east as the longi-
tude of Port Elizabeth. The “ B ”’ forms seem to have their main centre
near Grahamstown, with form “‘ Bl ” definitely recorded from that area,
and also near Queenstown. Form “ D”’ is definitely recorded from near
Queenstown and near Komgha but it may also come as far west as the
Uitenhage Division and overlap with “ A.” The distribution of form “ F ”
is much more uncertain, but it may occur near Queenstown and no
specimens which look like it have been seen from further west. Much
field work, therefore, remains to be done.

It is perhaps hardly necessary to point out that the descriptions of
the forms enumerated above have been drawn up from a small number
of plants in each case and that their foliage characters in particular may
vary to a greater degree than the descriptions allow for. It is
quite possible, for instance, that plants of forms “A” and “ D” may
be found with many of the leaflets dentate, but it is not expected that
these forms will show deeply lobed leaflets as in “ Bl ” or “ B2.”

(9) Encephalartos Eugene-Maraisii I. C. Verdoorn in Jour.
S.A. Bot. XI, i, 1 (1945), Pl. I.

This Transvaal species, described and figured earlier in this Journal
by Miss I. C. Verdoorn, is allied to HL. Lehmanni form “A”, but it
ean be distinguished from any form of Lehmannw by the incurved leaf
rachis, which gives the profile of the leaf the shape of a boat or canoe.

Kirstenbosch possesses one young plant which, as this paper passes
through the press, is producing three female cones. ‘These, in five weeks,
have reached a height of about 27 cm. and are still very young. The
scales are deep red brown over a green ground colour and in this respect
at least differ from those of Lehmannw form “A”.

40 The Journal of South African Botany.

(10) Encephalartos longifolius Lehm. Pugillus VI, 14 (1834) ; Hutchin-
son and Rattray in Fl. Cap. V, ii, 38 (1933); 2. caffer Hook., Bot.
Mag. t. 4903. :

Nomenclature.—E. longifolius as accepted today is quite a distinctive
species, at least in the field. Dried leaf specimens might be confused
with those of H. Altensteoniir. The name LH. caffer was at one time applied
to longifolius due to the confusion in the original description of Cycas
caffra Thunb. (see p. 13). The species was originally described by
Jacquin in 1809 as Zamia longifolia. At the same time he described
Z. lanuginosa, which Lehmann in transferring to Hncephalartos (Pugill.
VI, 14 (1834)) describes as follows: ‘ E..caudice lanuginoso rhachi
tetragono pinnisque viridibus lanceolatis acutis mucronatis glabris
medio extus profunde spinoso bidentatis.’”” This description of the stem
hardly fits HL. longifolius, but Hutchinson and Rattray seem justified
in their reduction of lanuginosus to longifolius. Lehmann, when describ-
ing HL. Altensteinui says that it is allied to H. lanuginosus. Index Kewensis
reduces LH. caffer Lehm. to EL. lanuginosus, a reflection, no doubt, of the
misapplication of the name caffer to longifolius and so a confirmation of
Hutchinson and Rattray’s reduction. De Candolle, Prod. XVI, ii, lists
E. lanuginosus under species dubiae.

Distribution —Assegai Bosch, Humansdorp Diy., to Grahamstown.

Specimens seen.—Assegai Bosch, Humansdorp Div., Rattray 1277
(Albany Mus. Herb.); Hankey, north-east of Humansdorp, Paterson
19 (Albany Mus. Herb.) ; Uitenhage Distr., Hcklon s.n. (Bol. Herb.) ;
Uitenhage (?cultivated), %coll. 848 (Herb. S.A. Mus.) ; Van Staadens,
Rattray 1097 (Herb. S.A. Mus.) ; Zuurberg, treeless slopes, Bracken s.n.
(Christian. 600 in Herb, N.B.G.); Fish River valley, Albany, Dyer
3238 (Nat. Herb.) ; junction of roads from Grahamstown and Sidbury
to Alicedale, Hoeg s.n. (Albany Mus. Herb.) ; Howiesons Poort, Grahams
town, MacOwan 1377 (Herb. Bol.) ; Botanic Gardens, Grahamstown,
origin not stated, Tidmarsh s.n. (Albany Mus. Herb.) ; a number of
plants in Kirstenbosch, all rather young and with short stems.

Description.—Leaves blue green with recurved tips, and rigid, thick
textured almost entire broad leaflets; leaves finely pubescent when
young, c. 160 em. long, or less or more, petiole usually 30—35 cm. long
but sometimes only 15—16 cm. ; leaflets variable in size and shape, from
ovate lanceolate near base to oblong lanceolate or linear oblong above,
reduced in size at leaf base, sometimes to prickles, rigid in texture; median
ones largest, up to 20 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, lower often spreading,
upper in a V and set very much across the rachis, bases shortly contracted
and yellowish, apices pungent or blunt, sometimes with an abruptly
hooked tip, entire or with the lower margin, especially of upper leaflets,

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 41
of Encephalartos.

with 1—3 short, pungent or bluntly rounded lobes. Male cone c. 53.5 cm.
tall, c. 14 cm. diam., nearly sessile, more or less ovate lanceolate, general
colour greenish brown, scale beaks very prominent, tending to twist
sideways, lowermost broad and blunt, uppermost narrow, tending to
point upwards ; median scales obovate acuminate, total length c. 3.8
em., width at widest point c. 3.8 cm., width at base c. 2 cm., upper sur-
face of scale body more or less flat, pale yellow, sporangial surface with
broad raised central ridge, sporangia covering nearly all lower surface,
leaving only a narrow margin ; beak projecting c. 2 cm. beyond sporangial
surface, upper angle rounded and markedly humped at base, lateral
angles acute, running up to apex of beak as narrow, hardly raised ridges,

Fig. 9. A, B—Z. longifolius, median male scale from below and from side.
C, D—Z. Altensteinii, median male scales from below. Nat. size.

lower angle rounded, markedly humped ; flattened apical portion small,
more or less oblique, ec. 8—9 mm. across x 3—5 mm., margin irregular ;
beak often twisted sideways and usually with a downward curve, covered
with reddish adpressed scaly hairs over a green ground. No female
cone has yet been available.

(11) Encephalartos Altensteinii Lehm., Pugillus, VI, 11 (1834), t. 4,5;
Hutchinson and Rattray in Fl. Gap. V, ii, 39 (1933), in part ; Marloth,
Fl. S. Africa, I, Pl. 15A, Pl. 16A (very young female cones).

Nomenclature —Although a number of synonyms are given in FI.
Cap., they appear to be mostly horticultural names or names without

42 The Journal of South African Botany.

description, and no confusion arises. JL. transvenosus Stapf and Burtt
Davy, reduced to this species by Hutchinson and Rattray, is now regarded
as distinct. H. Altensteinwi was first described and figured by Lehmann,
from leaf specimens only.

Distribution From the Kowie River, Bathurst, C.P., to Natal
and Zululand. The Transvaal record in Hl. Cap. is presumably based
on EL. transvenosus.

Specumens seen.—Kowie, West River, Bathurst Div., Britten 5752
(Herb. Bol.); Trappes Valley, Bathurst, coll. D. Jones-Phillipson,
cult. in Hort. H. B. Christian (Christian 567 in Herb. N.B.G.) ; Bathurst,
C.P., Rattray 1099 (Herb. S.A. Mus.) ; mountains near Howiesons Poort,
Grahamstown, MacOwan 1376 (Herb. Bol.) ; Kingwilliamstown, Sim
847 (Herb. S.A. Mus.) ; Fort Murray, East London, Courtenay-Latiumer
s.n. (Herb. N.B.G.); woods near Komgha, 2,000 ft., Flanagan 1372
(Herb. S.A. Mus., Herb. Bol., Nat. Herb.) ; Kobongkoba River, Kentani,
Pegler 1116 (Albany Mus. Herb., Nat. Herb.); Kentani, Pegler 755,
1346 (Herb. S.A. Mus.) ; Kei Road, Rogers 3225 (Albany Mus. Herb.) ;
cult in Botanic Gardens, Durban, ex Zululand, Forbes s.n. (Nat. Herb.,
Herb. N.B.G.) ; valley of 1000 Hills, Inchanga, Natal, fide H. M. L. Forbes
(no specimens seen); various specimens from cultivated plants. The
large Kirstenbosch collection contains plants introduced from King-
williamstown, Hast London, Bathurst, Kentani and Natal.

The herbarium material available is scanty considering the range
of the species. No specimens from wild plants in Natal have been seen.

Description —The stem is said by Hutchinson and Rattray to reach
about 16 ft. Although there is a considerable range of variation in leaf
size and in shape and size of leaflets in the large Kirstenbosch collection,
there is not much difficulty in distinguishing the species at a glance from
any other S. African species except perhaps EH. transvenosus. Young
and vigorous sucker leaves might be confused with transvenosus. The
leaflets vary greatly in shape and size and spininess, from linear oblong,
slightly faleate, entire, 13 cm. x 1 cm., to ovate lanceolate, 16 cm. x 4
em., with prominent pungent teeth on both margins, or without teeth.
The teeth may be near the leaflet base, scattered along the margin, or
near the apex, and there may be as many or more on the upper margin
as on the lower. There are usually not more than 4 teeth on each margin
and they may be reduced to very short blunt rounded knobs. The basal
leaflets are more or less reduced in size, but rarely become prickles.
Male cones usually multiple. In one plant in Kirstenbosch which has
two heads there were in April, 1948, five cones on one head and four
on the other, the group of five ripening together a few days before the
group of four. Pedwncle very stout, c. 8 em. long, 4.5 em. diam., yellowish

Materials for a Revision of the South-African Species 43
of Encephalartos.

at base and surrounded by dark brown wool, green above and thinly
grey brown woolly with a few irregularly shaped bracts. Cone ec. 50 cm.
long, c. 12 cm. greatest diam., more or less cylindric, tapered gently to
base from about 1/3 up, less so to apex, curved, with c. 21 spirals of

Fig. 10. EZ. Altensteinii. A—median female scale from above, C—from front,
B—seed. About nat. size. Del: M. P. Henderson.

scales, all fertile except a few at apex; median scales: body of scale
obovate oblong, total length c. 5 em., width at widest point c. 3 cm.,
width at base c. 2 cm., length of sporangia bearing surface c. 3.3 cm.
edges of scale body irregularly wavy or irregularly minutely toothed,

44 The Journal of South African Botany.

shoulders (base of beak) with 2 or 3 short teeth on each side; scales
progressively narrower towards apex of cone and wider towards base ;
beak projecting c. 1.7 cm. beyond sporangial surface, slightly decurved
in median and basal scales, more so in upper scales, lateral angles acute,
upper angle bluntly triangular, lower angle rounded, somewhat ridged ;
apex of beak flat or slightly concave, lower edge more or less produced
and sometimes a little irregular, size variable, usually c. 1 em. across and
0.5—1 cm. deep; body of scale and upper surface of beak yellowish ;
apex of beak and lower surface reddish brown with sparse mixed reddish
and white scaly hairs. Female cones solitary or multiple (usually multiple
in Kirstenbosch plants), oblong to oblong-ellipsoid, c. 45—50 cm. tall,
ce. 22 em. diam., general colour yellowish brown, sessile or shortly
peduncled ; median scales: greatest width c. 8—9 cm., c. 3.5—4 cm.
vertically ; exposed face c. 5 cm. wide and 3—3.5 cm. vertically, pro-
truding c. 2.5 cm.; upper angle rounded with a broad but not con-
spicuous ridge, lower angle rounded not ridged, lateral angles blunt ;
upper surface of exposed face glabrous, apex and lower surface brown
scaly woolly, the whole surface with blunt irregular rugosities ; interior
part of scale orange-yellow to scarlet with pointed rugosities ; stipe
and sinus arms orange-scarlet, the sinus arms with lacerate margins and
angles ; seeds dark scarlet, oblong, angled, blunt, 3.5—4 em. long, hardly
or not tapered to distal end.

As noted above, there is a considerable variation in leaf size and
in the size, shape and spininess of the leaflets in this species, and this
appears to have led to some confusion with H. longifolius. The name
“ caffer’ was at one time commonly misapplied to longifolius, and
various sources indicate that “‘ caffer”’ and Altensteinii were thought to
be so similar that the two species could be gathered from the same indi-
vidual. The Kirstenbosch plants of longifoliws are so distinct from
Altensteinii in general appearance that they can be distinguished at a
glance, with their blue-green leaves, rigid in appearance, with markedly
recurved apices, and the usually broader leaflets which are lanceolate
rather than oblong. However, all the longifolius in Kirstenbosch are
rather young, none of them having tall stems, and it may be that older
plants approach Altensteinii more closely. A plant of longifolius in
the Cape Town Municipal Gardens with a stem about four feet tall
retains the characteristic colour, shape and set of leaflets of younger
plants, but the leaves are shorter and straighter than usual and not so
rigid, perhaps because the plant is in deep shade.

It is to be expected that Altensteinii will show variation throughout
its considerable geographical range, but any attempt to split the species
into smaller units or to describe varieties based on leaf characters are

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species — 45
of Encephalartos.

useless, the possible range of variation in each individual being too
great. ;

(12) Encephalartos transvenosus Stapf & Burtt Davy in Burtt Davy,
Fl. Transvaal I, 40, 99, fig. 4 B (1926); Hutchinson & Rattray in Fl.
Cap. V, ii, 39, sub H#. Altensteinii Lehm. F. Milner in Journ. Bot. Soc.
S.A., xxx (1944). Bot. Mag. t. 7162 appears to be this rather than £.
Alten steinii.

Nomenclature.—Described originally from leaf specimens. Reduced
to H. Altensteinii Lehm. by Hutchinson & Rattray, but although closely
allied to that species it is sufficiently distinct in foliage and cone characters
and habitat. ;

Distribution From Lydenburg District, E. Transvaal, to Zoutpans-
berg, N. Transvaal.

Specimens seen.—Lydenburg Distr., v. d. Merwe 2306 (Nat: Herb.) ;
Lydenburg Distr., below the Drakensberg, cult. in Johannesburg, Burtt
Davy 10959 (Nat. Herb.) ; Pietersburg, Stanford 22182 (Trans. Mus.
Herb.) ; Modjadjies Mts., cult. at Tzaneen, Burtt Davy 3086, type collec-
tion (Nat. Herb., Herb. N.B.G.); Modjadjies Kraal, E. Transvaal,
Astley-Maberley s.n. (Herb. Bol., Nat. Herb. 15059); Tzaneen, Rogers
18977 (Trans. Mus. Herb.) ; Modjadjies location, Pietersburg Div., cult.
at Duivels Kloof, Reynolds 4096 (Nat. Herb.) ; Tzaneen, ex Modjadjies,
Rogers 22068 (Nat. Herb.); cult. in Tzaneen, said to be from Mod-
jadjies, Crundall s.n. (Nat. Herb.); Modjadjies location, Crundall
s.n. (Nat. Herb.) ; 15 miles west of Mara station, Zoutpansberg, Reynolds
4107 (Nat. Herb.) ; Mt. Ararat, Crundall s.n. (Nat. Herb.). Living plants
in Kirstenbosch from Duivels Kloof and Modjadjies Kraal.

Description From excellent photographs by C. Astley-Maberley
in Herb. Bol., Nat. Herb. and Herb. N.B.G. this species reaches a height
of at least 24—25 ft., and it is said to grow to 30 ft. or more.. The
Kirstenbosch plants are all comparatively young, with stems not more
than 2—3 ft. The apex of the stem tends to have more brown wool than
Altensteinii and the leaves resemble those of that species rather closely
in general appearance but differ in the broader leaflets more abruptly
contracted at base, reduced usually to prickles ; the leaflets more spread-
ing throughout the whole length of leaf, the basal ones more or less
recurved, the upper ones usually not in a V as in Altensteiniz and not
falcate ; leaflets leaving rachis more or less at right angles, not at an
upward angle; venation below rather less pronounced, apical spine
shorter and more abrupt. Male cone: only one dried-up cone has been
seen, which is smaller than is usual in Altenstenii and with a shorter
peduncle ; the scale beaks all tend to curve downwards, whereas in

46 The Journal of South African Botany.

Altensteini only the apical and basal scales are decurved ; the beak
in transvenosus is wider and less abrupt and less rugose than in Altensteini.
Female cones multiple, about the size and shape of those of Altensteinia
but with smaller scales. A photograph of a female cone labelled as from
Tzaneen, coll. P. Koch, is preserved in Nat. Herb. It is very tall, and
markedly oblong and narrow, measuring approximately 70 em. high and
28 cm. diam., with scales about 5 em. across. Median scales ec. 4—4.5
em. greatest width, c. 3 cm. vertically, exposed face protruding c. 1.5
em., rug6se with pointed rugosities, covered with a rather dense coat of
whitish scaly hairs over a yellowish ground, the general colour dirty

Fig. 11. #. transvenosus. A, C—median female scale from above and from side.
B—seed. D—median male scale from below.
About nat. size. Del: M. PR. Henderson.

ereyish-brown ; lateral angles bluntly ridged, upper angle rounded or

sometimes narrowly ridged, lower angle bluntly rounded ; apical um--

bilicus more or less quadrate, excavate, 1—1.5 cm. diam., lower margin
protruding ; inner part of scale body yellow with a tinge of orange, deeply
rugose with sharply pointed rugosities ; stipe pale yellow, c. 3.5 cm.
long, tinged pink above where in contact with seed ; sinus arms variable,
up to c. 2.5 em. long; seed carmine, c. 4.5 em, long, 2.3 cm. diam.,
oblong, roughly triangular in section, hardly tapered to distal end, slightly
wedge-shaped.

ee

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 47
of Encephalartos.

Notrr.—After the above was written, seeds and scales were received
from Miss I. C. Verdoorn from a female cone sent to the National Her-
barium by General J. C. Smuts. This came from a plant cultivated at
Melmoth which is said to have been obtained originally from the junction
of the Black and White Umfolosi Rivers, Zululand. The cone has, I
believe, been correctly identified by Miss Verdoorn as that of EZ. trans-
venosus. If EH. transvenosus really does occur in this locality, it is the only
Transvaal species to be found outside that area, but in view of the fact
that the specimen came from a cultivated plant and because of the
disparity between the Transvaal and Zululand habitats, it is perhaps
better to regard the record as a doubtful one until further collecting can
prove or disprove it.

(13) Encephalartos Woodii Sander. Hutchinson & Rattray in FI.
Cap. V, ii, 40 (1933) ; Prain in Kew Bull. (1914) 250, with plate.

Nomenclature —Originally described by J. M. Wood as a variety
bispinna of HL. Altensteinii, but although imperfectly known there is
no doubt that it is a distinct species.

Distribution.—Known only from Zululand. Only one or perhaps two
clumps of stems have been discovered (the evidence on this point is
rather confusing).

Specimens seen—Cult. in Durban, ex Zululand, Wylie s.n. (Herb.
Nat. 16044, 16046), Wood s.n. (Nat. Herb.) ; cult. in Durban Museum
grounds, Forbes s.n. (Nat. Herb.) ; photograph of two stems at Ngoye
Forest, Zululand, by Wylie in Herb. Nat. One plant in Kirstenbosch
ex Zululand, NV.B.G. 1895/16. i

Description.—Only the male is known. No female cone has been
recorded. Stem tall and very stout, sometimes branched at apex, with
dense leafy crown. Leaves glabrous, c. 180—190 cm. long, more or less
recurved, pulvinus very stout, c. 10 cm. across at base, petiole short and
stout, c. 10—12 cm. long ; lower /eaflets more or less ovate, long narrowed
to apex, base abruptly narrowed into a short broad petiolule, rather
gradually reduced to one or two pairs of prickles, up to c. 20 cm. long,
and 5 em. broad, upper margin of lower leaflets near base usually deeply
3 or more dentate, lower margin occasionally toothed, or lower leaflets
more or less entire, upper leaflets narrower, usually more or less entire, but
leaflets often dentate and spiny for half length of leaf and uppermost
leaflets with short blunt lobes ; upper leaflets more crowded than lower,
set in a V across the axis of rachis, often hooked and blunt at tips. Male
cone up to about 120 cm. long on a stout peduncle, narrowly oblong
lanceolate, bright orange yellow ; median scales (dried) narrowly obovate
acuminate, total length c. 7 cm., greatest width c. 3.5 cm., beak pro-

48 _ The Journal of South African Botany.

jecting c. 2.2—2.5 cm. beyond sporangial surface; sporangia rather
small and closely packed ; apical flattened part of beak flat or shallowly
excavate, rather irregular in shape, c. 1 cm. diam., its lower and some-
times upper margin shortly winged. Uppermost fertile scales long and
narrow, c. 5 em. long, 1 cm. broad, the beak flattened dorso-ventrally,
decurved and without flattened apex; scales gradually increasing in
size downwards, the apex gradually acquiring a flattened terminal area.

(14) Encephalartos paucidentatus Stapf and Burtt Davy in Burtt

Fig. 12. H. Woodii, A—median male scale from below. B—upper scale from side.
C—upper median scale from below.

Davy, Fl. Transvaal, I, 40, 99, fig. 4 A (1926); Hutchinson & Rattray
in Fl. Cap. V, ii, 40 (1933). |

Nomenclature.—No alteration in the status of this species has been
suggested. It was originally described from leaf specimens.

Distribution—Known only from the Zoutpansberg district, N.
Transvaal, and from near Barberton, HE. Transvaal.

Specimens seen.—Breslau, Limpopo River, Zoutpansberg, Legat 2,
type collection (Nat. Herb. 5185); Zoutpansberg, Pole Hvans 5185
(Nat. Herb.) ; Moodies Estate, Barberton; 4,000—5,000 ft., van Hiden

~

‘4

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 49
of Encephalartos.

sm. (Nat. Herb. 10085); Mt. Morgan Creek, Barberton, Thorncroft
sm. (Nat. Herb.) ; Barberton, cult. in Pretoria, Thorncroft s.n. (Nat.
Herb.) ; mountains south of Barberton, cult. in Barberton, Reynolds
4130 (Nat. Herb.) ; mountains behind Barberton, cult. in Barberton
Town Gardens, Reynolds 4128 (Nat. Herb.).

Description.—Unfortunately this is one of the very few S. African
species of which Kirstenbosch lacks good material. Plants have very
recently been received from Barberton, but it may be some years before
they start growth. There is one other plant whose origin is unknown.
It agrees with herbarium material of this species, but as it has been grown
in good soil in deep shade it has produced larger and more spinose pinnae
than plants in a more natural habitat. As no other living material has
been seen, the following description of the leaves is drawn up from the
Kirstenbosch plant.

Stem apex densely brown woolly. Leaves c. 230 cm. long, petiole
c. 39 cm., more or less upright, apex recurved, glabrous above pulvinus ;
upper surface of petiole and lower part of rachis almost flat, lower surface
rounded, rest of upper surface of rachis slightly rounded, leaflets arising
from a broad, shallow, rather inconspicuous groove; leaflets about
55 pairs rather suddenly reduced at base to lobed prickles and then
to a few single prickles, leaflets not overlapping, but more closely spaced
in upper quarter of leaf than below, spreading, not in a V, recurved,
those in lower half of leaf gradually twisted so that the upper surface near
leaflet apex faces upwards ; leaflets near base of leaf c. 20.5 cm. long,
3—6 em. broad, oblong lanceolate, the base broad but suddenly contracted
and decurrent on rachis, upper leaflets progressively narrower and shorter,
more or less faleate ; texture thick ; lower leaflet margin with up to
5 narrow short spine-tipped teeth (usually 3), the first two near base of
leaflet, the others spaced to about half length of leaflet, upper margin
with three similar teeth (usually 1 or 2) spaced in the same way, the
teeth becoming shorter and fewer on upper leaflets until they become
very short rounded lobes or disappear on the uppermost leaflets ; upper
surface of leaflets dark green, lower surface paler with close conspicuous
ribs, c. 30 in median leaflets.

The type material in Nat. Herb. consists of one sheet, the apical
18 pairs of leaflets of one leaf only, but in spite of the usual variation in
size and toothing of leaflets, there is little doubt that the specimens quoted
are correctly placed.

No fresh cones of either sex Itave been seen. The only fertile material
available has been two sheets in Nat. Herb., Reynolds 4130, 4131, from
plants cultivated in Barberton. No complete cones or drawings or photo-

50 The Journal of South African Botany.

graphs of them have been seen. Male cone: Hutchinson and Rattray
describe the male cone as 14—2 ft. long and 6 ins. diam. Median scales :
(from Reynolds 4130) narrowly oblong ovate to oblong oblanceolate,
ce. 4—5 cm. long, ¢. 2—2.5 em. wide, microsporangia covering body of
scale almost to margins, beak projecting c. 0.8 cm. beyond sporangial
surface, abruptly decurved, upper and lower angles humped at base,
flattened apical part broader than deep, margin more or less irregularly
toothed. Female cone: The material (Reynolds 4131) consists of scales
which all appear to have been taken from near the apex of the cone
and one seed which seems not to be normal in shape. It is abnormally
short, with grooves and excrescences at the micropyle end, a condition
which is often seen in other species in the region between the completely
infertile apical scales and the normal median scales. The scales of
Reynolds 4131 are rather narrow, c. 4.5 cm. across, with a very rugose
exposed face protruding c. 2.5 em. The apical umbilicus is rather large,
shallowly excavate and much less rugose than rest of exposed face, c.
1—1.5 cm. across, brown hairy. The seeds are said to be red.

(15) Encephalartos cycadifolius (Jacq.) Lehm., Pugillus VI, 13 (1834),
emend. Hutch. and Rattr. in Fl. Cap. V, ii, 42 (1933).

Nomenclature—According to Hutchinson and Rattray, this species,
originally described by Jacquin in 1800 as Zamia cycadifolia, was a
mixture of two species, a cone, probably that of H. villosus being figured.
Lehmann apparently accepted Jacquin’s figure and description without
question and merely made the transfer to Encephalartos. At the same
time, and perhaps misled by Jacquin’s mixtum compositum, he described
a new species, H. Priderici-Guilielm, which is doubtless the plant we
.are now discussing. The points he gives to distinguish H. Friderict-
Guilielms and H. cycadifolius are as follows :—

cycadifolius — * Friderici-Guilielmi
1. caudice glabro ; 1. caudice lanuginoso
2. rhachi semitereti canaliculata 2. rhachi tetragono lanuginosa
pubescente
3. pinnis glabriusculis 3. pinnis subtus pilosiusculis
4.’ fructo glabro - 4. fructo dense tomentosa,”

It is unlikely, in spite of the discrepancies in Lehmann’s descriptions,
that two species are involved. The Kirstenbosch plants, introduced
from Queenstown, Cathcart and Kingwilliamstown; vary very little,
and I have seen no herbarium material to suggest that H. Friderici-
Guiliebmi is not synonymous with H. cycadifolius. De Candolle, Prodr.
XVI, ii, 532, upholds Z. cycadifolius and reduces HL. Friderici-Guilielmi
to it. It might be suggested that Jacquin’s name should be rejected

ad

i

/

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 51
of Encephalartos.

entirely, on the grounds that it is a ““ nomen confusum, dubium, vel ambi-
guum ”, but both in this case and in the case of H. caffer, it seems possible
to retain the original names without ambiguity, as Hutchinson and
Rattray have done.

Disiribution.—The species is confined to the Eastern Cape Province.
The material seen covers the area round Cradock, Queenstown, Cathcart
and Kingwilliamstown. The East London records may be from culti-
vated plants. Hutchinson and Rattray record it on the authority of
Marloth from the Jansenville Division, and they quote a specimen from
Uitenhage, collected by Zeyher, preserved in the British Museum Her-
barium. Schonland, in Bot. Survey 8.Afr. Memoir I, records the species,
on the authority of Ecklon, from the Zwartkops River, Uitenhage Div.
There is a sheet in the Bolus Herbarium from Kokstad in Griqualand
East, collected by the Forest’ Dept., and Rattray in Fl. Cap. records it
from Tsolo, in the southern part of Griqualand East. More collecting
is necessary to establish the range of the species.

Specimens seen.—EKast London Wood 843 (Herb. S.A. Mus.) ; King-
williamstown, Sim 1347 (Herb. S.A. Mus.); Queenstown, Dyer 2300
(Albany Mus. Herb.) ; near Queenstown, 4400 ft., Galpin 1525 (Albany
Mus. Herb., Nat. Herb., Herb. Bol.) ; Oxton Manor, Queenstown,
seedling only, Garrick Hay in Herb. Galpin 8411 (Nat. Herb.) ; Cathcart,
4000 ft., Sim 1361 (Herb. Bol.), Sim 2999 (Albany Mus. Herb., Herb.
Bol.) ; 2 miles south of Cathcart on Hogsback road, Barker 3431 (Herb.
N.B.G.) ; 5 miles east of Cathcart, Barker 3432 (Herb. N.B.G.) ; Cradock
Mts., towards Tarkastad, 1200 m., Marloth 2151 (Nat. Herb.) ; Kokstad,
Griqualand East, Forest Dept. s.n. (Herb. Bol.) ; cult. at Union Buildings,
Pretoria, ex Cape Province, Wickens s.n. (Herb. Natal, 16123) ; living
plants in Kirstenbosch from Queenstown, Kingwilliamstown and Cath-
cart.

Description. —This species is a distinct one in its stout stem with flat,
densely brown woolly apex, its stiff leaves with narrow entire crowded
leaflets, and its densely pale woolly cones. In Kirstenbosch it produces
cones of both sexes regularly and is one of the few species with male and
female cones at the same time. Leaves c. 100 cm. long, stiff, rachis more
or less straight or slightly recurved and twisted at apex, petiole c. 30 cm.
long, but variable, bluntly triangular below, rounded and obscurely
bluntly ridged above, underside of rachis and petiole and margins of
leaflets loosely whitish woolly in young leaves, older leaves glabrous ; —
young leaves blue green, rachis and leaflet bases yellowish, older leaves
yellowish green; Leaflets close together, overlapping in upper half of
leaf, all in a V, or the lower spreading, arising from narrow grooves in

52 The Journal of South African Botany.

rachis ; median leaflets c. 17 em. long, 0.7 cm. broad, linear, shortly
narrowed to a short pungent point with a short dark brown spine, hardly
contracted at base, margins thickened, nerves 7—9, visible on both sur-
faces. Male cones always multiple, often 5 together, peduncle c. 4 cm.
long buried in the wool of the stem apex, cone cylindric, tapered to a
rounded apex from below middle, shortly tapered to base, curved, c.
28 cm. long, 6—6.5 cm. diam., completely covered by a dense coat of
brown wool. ‘This cone does not appear to elongate before shedding pollen
as the glabrous or less woolly species do. Cones which are quite dry,
with microsporangia all empty, still have a close covering of wool, the
wool of one scale matted with the next, so that the only escape for the
pollen seems to be through gaps caused by the curving of the cone. A
large quantity of pollen is trapped amongst the wool. Scales thin,

close packed, median ones c. 2.5 cm. long, 2 cm. wide at widest point,.
sessile, very slightly cordate at base and there c. 1 cm. wide; micro- |

sporangia rather large for size of scale and rather few; apical part of
scale, when deprived of wool, projecting c. 0.5—0.6 cm. beyond sporan-
gial surface, apex slightly flattened and turned up to a blunt ridge. The
woolly covering completely hides this structure and gives the appearance
of a flattened apex 1.4 cm. wide and 0.8—0.9 cm. deep. Female cones
multiple, more or less oblong with rounded apex, 25—30 em. tall, 15—17
c.m. diam. ; apices of scales densely covered with brownish wool, the wool
of each scale matted with that of its neighbours ; apex elliptic-rhomboid,
upper and lower angles broadly rounded, lateral angles more or less acute ;
c. 4.5 em. across and 2.5 cm. vertically ; body of scale below wool pale
canary yellow with fine shallow rugosities ; stipe c. 2—2.5 cm. long,
acutely angled, sinus arms short, broadly triangular, projecting 0.6—
0.8 c.m. below apex of sinus ; sinus c. 1.5 cm. across ; seeds pale yellow
or sometimes pale orange yellow, c. 3 cm. long and 2 cm. diam., flattened
dorsally and ventrally, obliquely wedge shaped at distal end. When
wool is removed (with difficulty) from scale apex, the surface revealed
has slight rugose ridges, a ‘small transversely oblong depression c. 1 cm.
x 0.5 em., its lower edge somewhat raised and rounded, the lateral angles
appearing as slightly raised sharp ridges.

(16) Encephalartos lanatus Stapf and Burtt Davy in Burtt Davy,
Fl.-Transvaal, I, 40, 99, fig. 4 D (1926); Hutchinson & Rattray in Fl.
Cap. V, ii, 43 (1933), in part.

Nomenclature.—Originally described from leaf specimens only.
Hutchinson and Rattray reduce LH. laevifolius Stapf and Burtt Davy
to this species, but the two are distinct, both in foliage and cone characters.

Distribution.—Middelburg, Nelspruit, Pilgrims Rest and Belfast
Districts of the E. Transvaal.

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 53
of Encephalartos.

Specimens seen.—near Middelburg, Burtt Davy in Herb. Dept. Agric.
6645 (Herb. Bol.) ; Middelburg Distr., v. d. Merwe 8041 (Nat. Herb.) ;
Mooi Kopje, Middelburg Distr., Pole Hvans 1 (Nat. Herb.) ; Botshabelo,
Middelburg Distr., Verdoorn 2143, 2144, 2145, 2146 (Nat. Herb., Herb.
N.B.G.); Kloofs near Mission Station, Botshabelo, on Little Olifants
River, 1500 m., Marloth 11748 (Nat. Herb.) ; Rosehaugh, Sabie, Pilgrims
Rest Distr., Burtt Davy in Herb. Dept. Agric. 15239 (Herb. Bol.) ; rocky
slopes opposite Rosehaugh Station, between Nelspruit and Sabie, Rey-
nolds 3936 (Nat. Herb.); Amajuba Mt., Schagen, Nelspruit Distr. c.
4000 ft., Liebenberg 3351 (Nat. Herb.) ; Schoemans Kloof, Belfast Distr.,
Smuts 285 (Nat. Herb.) ; Wilge River, east of Trigaarts Poort, Dyer
and Verdoorn 4411 (Nat. Herb., Herb. N.B.G.). Said also to occur at ’
Kaapsche Hoop and Godwans River. The Kirstenbosch collection
appears to have come from Rosehaugh.

Description.—Stem said to reach 10 ft. Stems of young plants densely
pale woolly. Young leaves densely white woolly except on underside of
leaflets, the wool soon deciduous and the old leaves glabrous except for
woolly base of petiolar pulvinus, up to c. 95 cm. long, petiole c. 20—25
em. long, apex of leaf abruptly recurved and often twisted sideways ;
rachis and petiole with a raised blunt triangular rib above, bluntly
rounded below; leaflets entire, pungent; close set and overlapping
in upper part of leaf, linear, more or less falcate, median ones up to
ce. 13 em. long and 0.8 cm. broad, bases yellowish, twisted, and set across
rachis so that upper leaflets at least are in a narrow V ; nervation visible
below, 12—14 nerves in median leaves, more prominent in dried speci-
‘mens ; leaflets very little reduced in size at leaf base. Female cone
solitary or multiple, oblong, more or less sessile, shortly and bluntly
tapered to apex, 34.5 em. tall, 13 cm. diam. (A photograph of Verdoorn
2145 from Botshabelo shows a cone approximately 28 cm. tall and 15
em. diam. on a peduncle c. 6 em. long) ; ¢. 8—9 spirals of scales ; median
scales with flattened not protruding rhomboid apex, 4.3—4.9 cm. across,
2.5—2.7 cm. vertically, upper and lower angles rounded, the lower
somewhat protruding, lateral angles acute to acuminate, whole face
covered with a dense matted coat of short wool, pale brown round edges,
whitish grey in centre ; centre of face with a shallow ill-defined excava- —
tion c. 1.5 em. diam. ; inner part of scale glabrous with a zone of arsenic
green just below wool, then brownish and wrinkled ; stipe very short
and stout, quadrangular in section, c. 1.5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. across at
junction with cone axis ; sinus arms short, rounded, outer margin acute,
sinus c. 1.2 cm. across; seeds oblong orbicular, flattened, more or less
wrinkled, c. 2 cm. long, 2.3 cm. diam., the pulp not prolonged beyond

54 The Journal of South African, Botany.

hard inner layer. Male cone c. 17.5 em. long, 5.5 cm. diam., narrowly
oblong lanceolate, peduncle c. 11.5 cm., more than half this length buried
in apex of stem, c. 2 em. diam. at apex, and there yellowish brown hairy ;
8—9 spirals of scales, all fertile except apical one (a photograph of
Verdoorn 2146 from Botshabelo shows a cone c. 30 cm. long on a short
peduncle) ; median scales: general outline, seen from below, depressed
orbicular, c. 2.3 cm. long, c. 3.2 cm. greatest width, apex flattened,
rhomboid, c. 2.5 em. across and 1.4 em. deep, slightly concave, covered
with dense brown short wool, lateral angles acute, narrow, upper and
lower angles more or less equal, broad, rounded ; body of scale glabrous,
green or yellowish green, shading into yellow over sporangial surface.

Kirstenbosch possesses a number of plants which have been placed
tentatively with lanatus, but which differ slightly in having smaller
leaves with smaller less stiff leaflets, occasionally minutely tridentate
at apex. Most of these plants are not vigorous and in most the main
stem, which is slender, not woolly, and about a foot tall, has died and
offshoots have appeared from its base. As far as can be discovered, this
group comes from within the area of distribution of typical lanatus.
The decision as to its status will depend on cones, which have not been .
seen.

(17) Encephalartos laevifolius Stapf & Burtt Davy in Burtt Davy,
Fl. Transvaal, I, 40, 99, fig. 4, E, G (1926) ; Hutchinson & Rattray. in
FI. Cap. V, ii, 48 (1933), sub 2. lanatus Stapf & Burtt Davy. ©

Nomenclature.—Stapf and Burtt Davy described this species more
fully than usual, including descriptions of the male and female cones,
but figuring only very poorly the leaflets. Hutchinson and Rattray
reduce it to H. lanatus, but the two species are distinct in foliage and
cone characters. I believe that the descriptions of the cones of lanatus
given in Fl. Cap. apply correctly to that species, although that of the
female cone is rather difficult to follow. If Hutchinson and Rattray
had dried scales of lanatus before them it is hard to see how they reconciled
them with the descriptions of those of laevifolius in Fl. Transvaal.

Distribution.—Apparently confined to a rather small area in the
Barberton and Nelspruit Districts of the E. Transvaal, overlapping with
the distribution of /anatus but more to the east than that species.

Specimens seen.—Moodies, near Barberton, Todd 2043, ? type collec-
tion (Nat. Herb.) ; Godwans River, 3,000—4,000 ft., Barberton Distr.,
Thorncroft in Herb. Rogers 28427:(Trans. Mus. Herb., Herb. Bol., Herb.
S.A. Mus.) ; Munnik-Myburgh mine, near Kaapsche Hoop, Barberton
Distr., Unkles s.n. (Nat. Herb.) ; near Berlin Forestry Station, Barber-
ton, van Nouhuys s.n. (Nat. Herb. 10086) ; mountains near Alpine Mine,
12 miles 8.W. of Barberton, cult. in Town Gardens, Barberton, Reynolds

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 55
of Encephalartos. :

4122, 4124, 4125, 4127 (Nat. Herb.); Elandshoek, Barberton Distr.,
cult. in Hort. H. B. Christian, Christian 583 (Nat. Herb., Herb. N.B.G.) ;
Amajuba Mts., Schagen, c. 4,000 ft., Nelspruit Distr., Liebenberg 3342
(Nat. Herb.) ; Farm Cromdale, 4 miles from Nelspruit on road to Bar-
berton, cult. in Hort. W. Unkles, photographs and drawings of male
cone and plant in Nat. Herb.; cult. in Garden of Division of Botany,
- Pretoria, origin not stated (Nat. Herb.) ; living plants in Kirstenbosch

Fig. 13. A, C—Z. lanatus, median female scale from above and from front, B—seed.
D, E—Z. laevifolius, median female scale and seeds from above and from front.
About nat. size. Del : M. P. Henderson and L. van Niekerk.

introduced from Malelane and Elandshoek, EK. Transvaal. I have not
seen Davy 32d and Sim’s plant from Rosehaugh mentioned by Burtt
Davy in Fl. Transvaal. ;

Description—Stem rather slender, said to reach c. 10 ft. Young
leaves densely pale brown woolly all over except lower surface of leaflets,

56 The Journal of South African Botany.

the wool soon deciduous and the leaves then glabrous and blue green
with pale rachis and petiole, the old leaves yellowish green with brownish
rachis and petiole ; mature leaves up to c. 100 cm. long,’ petiole up to
c. 25 em.; petiole and rachis with raised keel above, rounded triangular
below, leaves nearly straight, usually with a sideways or spiral twist at
apex ; leaflets linear, up to 12 cm. long and 0.6 cm. broad, shortly
pungent, bases yellowish, slightly contracted, lower leaflets reduced in
size, sometimes almost to prickles, spreading in lower part of leaf, the
upper ones in a wide or narrow V, or curved inwards, entire, or occasion-
ally the uppermost with a minute tooth on either margin near the tip ;
nervation below fine but quite visible, c. 10 nerves in median leaflets.
The leaves differ from those of Janatus chiefly in being generally longer
and straighter, the leaflets more spreading and not so stiff and pungent. .
Male cones multiple (three together in Kirstenbosch plant), narrowly
cylindrical, curved, tapered gently to apex and base from below the
middle, c. 38 em. long, 10 cm. greatest diam., peduncle 3—4 cm. long,
hidden by bracts so that cone appears sessile, minutely white pubescent ;
c. 24 spirals of scales, only a few at apex and base infertile ; general!
colour greyish green; median scales c. 3.5—4 em. long, ¢c. 3.4—3.5
cm. greatest width, very shortly stalked and slightly cordate at base,
upper surface of scale body flat or slightly channelled, yellowish, sporangial
surface flat or slightly raised in centre ; beak projecting c. 1 em. beyond
sporangial surface, upper angle rounded and more or less humped, lower
angle rounded, lateral angles acute, not winged or toothed, flattened
apex of beak shallowly excavate, the lower margin slightly more pro-
minent than upper ; beak covered with dense greyish felted tomentum,
decreasing towards base of beak and allowing the green ground colour
to show through. Female cones multiple (in Kirstenbosch plant), when
young the scales greenish with broad rhomboid flat not sunken apices,
covered with dense short pale brown wool, nearly glabrous when mature
oblong, c. 20.cm. tall and 10 cm. diam., with ec. 10 spirals of scales,
peduncle 4—5 em. long ; median scales c. 4 cm. long, ec. 4.5 cm. greatest
width, c. 2 cm. vertically, stipe stout, c. 2 cm. long, lateral angles sharply
winged, and running up as wings to apical umbilicus, upper and lower
"angles rounded, the exposed face somewhat depressed, so that the upper
angle becomes a thickened ridge; apical umbilicus with protruding
margins, deeply excavate, irregularly rhomboid or triangular, c. 1 em.
broad and 0.5 em. vertically ; the whole of exposed face more or less
smooth, glabrous except for apical crater and its margins which are |
thickly covered with whitish scaly hairs which become brown in drying ;
rest of scale glaucous over brown ground colour ; sinus arms short and
rounded, the outer margin acute to winged ; seeds brown with raised

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 57
of Encephalartos.

blackish dots, oblong obovate, distal end truncate, angled, ¢. 2.5 em
long and 1.7 cm. greatest diam.

(18) Encephalartos Ghellinckii Lem. Hutchinson & Rattray in FI.
Cap. V, ii, 43 (1933).

Distribution.—Mainly in Natal, but coming as far south as Taban-
kulu in Pondoland ; and from near the Natal coast to the eastern slopes
of the Drakensberg.

Specomens seen.—Port Natal, Sanderson 119 (Albany Mus.: Herb.,
Nat. Herb.) ; Umzinto Distr., Natal, cult. in Botanic Gardens Durban,
Wood 11864 (Herb. Natal.) ; Tugela Falls, Drakensberg, cult. in Botanic
Gardens, Durban, Wood 11865, Putterhill in Herb. Natal. 12446 (Herb.

’ Natal.); Mont aux Sources, Natal, Hutchinson, Forbes & Verdoorn

58 (Herb. Natal., Nat. Herb.) ; Giants Castle, Natal, Symons 498 (Trans.
Mus. Herb.) ; Devils Hoek, National Park, Natal, Galpin 9648 (Nat.
Herb.) ; Cathedral Peak Hotel, Natal, van der Riet s.n. (Nat. Herb.) ;
Mont aux Sources, cult. at Pretoria, Doidge s.n. (Nat. Herb.) ; Drakens-
bergen, c. 700 ft. from summit, Mogg s.n. (photo. in Nat. Herb.) ; Flag-
staff, Pondoland, McLoughlin 513a (Nat. Herb.) ; plants in Kirstenbosch
from Tabankulu, Pondoland, N.B.G. 160/15, 2774/15.
Description.—Stems several feet tall, often leaning. Leaves at first
erect, appearing feathery, up to c. 100 cm. long, petiole up to c. 25 cm.

- long, pulvinus small, densely covered with silky brown wool, petiole

~

and rachis with broad rounded triangular ridge above, the petiole below
with an obscure ridge, rachis below nearly flat ; in young leaves the
petiole, rachis and leaflets covered with a dense cobwebby greyish white

' tomentum, older leaves glabrous ; rachis nearly straight, often slightly

incurved, often more or less spirally twisted near apex of leaf, yellowish
after losing tomentum; leaflets dark green with paler apices, c. 130
pairs, widespreading, often somewhat recurved and usually upcurved,
lower ones rather distant and only slightly reduced in size, upper ones
closer but not overlapping, subacicular, often uniform in length through-
out most of leaf, or the median ones longest, up to c. 12 cm. long and 0.2
—0.4 cm. broad, apex abruptly pungent pointed, margins strongly
revolute, nerves obscure on both surfaces in life. No fresh male cones
have been seen. When dry they are c. 25 cm. long, 6—7 cm. diam. on
a peduncle 3—4 cm. long, decurved, cylindric, tapered slightly to both .
ends, densely covered with a matted coat of brownish wool, scales with
flattened, more or less rhomboid tops, not beaked ; median scales thin,

broadly obcordate, stalked, c. 3 cm. greatest width, c. 2.5 cm. long,

ce. 1.5 em. broad at base, stalk up to c. 1.5 em. long, more or less peltately
attached ; rhomboid scale apex c. 2 cm. across and 1 cm. deep measured

58 The Journal of South African Botany.

over woolly covering, lateral angles thin and winged, body of scale’ with
thin, rather wide, nude margin; scale apices when deprived of wool
with a shallow irregularly rhomboid excavation c. 0.7 em. across and
0.3 cm. vertically, the upper and lower angles rounded and slightly
humped. No living female cones have been seen. A photograph in Nat.
Herb. taken by A. O. D. Mogg on the Drakensbergen shows a plant with
5 cones, more or less oblong ellipsoid, very densely woolly and resembling
those of LH. cycadifolius. Dried scales and a coloured drawing in Nat
Herb. show the scales to have a flattened more or less rhomboid apex
densely covered with brownish wool, the stipe very stout, golden yellowish,
sinus arms very short, seeds golden yellow, broadly oblong.

A very distinct species with its feathery leaves with subacicular
leaflets, very woolly cones and stalked male scales.

(19) Encephalartos sp. aff. E. Ghellinckii Lem.

A single plant in Kirstenbosch whose origin and other particulars are
unknown, Henderson 1566 (Herb. N.B.G.).

Description.—Aerial stem ec. 10 em. tall, c. 13—14 cm. diam. at
ground level. Leaves up to c. 40 cm. long, erect, rather stiff, spirally
twisted near apex, young leaves rather densely ‘pale woolly on rachis,
the leaflets less densely woolly on both surfaces, older leaves glabrous,
pulvinus almost glabrous ; petiole up to c. 10 em. long, yellow green like
the rachis ; leaflets narrowly linear, acute, close but not overlapping,
spreading, often reduced at base but not to prickles, median ones longest,
up to c. 11 cm. long and 0.4—0.5 em. broad, dark green above, paler
below, usually more or less upcurved, base yellowish, not contracted, ©
apex pungent with a short pale yellow spine, margin very slightly revolute +
or not more than thickened, nerves about 5, visible above and below in
life, obscure above and prominent below when leaf is dry. No cones
have been seen.

No other material than the one plant in Kirstenbosch has been
seen, but there is reason to believe that the plant occurs at Zwartruggens,
W. Transvaal, although up to the present no confirmation of this has been
possible. A search of the Gardens records does not reveal that any
Encephalartos was introduced to Kirstenbosch from this area, but it may
quite easily have been sent from another garden.

This plant appears to be allied to Ghellincku, differmg in the smaller
leaves and the broader and flat or almost flat leaflets. Ghellinckii
occasionally has leaflets with the margins much less revolute than usual.

If it is really a Western Transvaal plant then it is probably an un-
described species, and the Transvaal counterpart of Ghellinckii. Until.
its locality has been proved, and cones collected, no more can be said.
about it. ;

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 59
of Encephalartos.

(20) Encephalartos sp. - “‘ West’s Cycad.”

A group of plants from Zululand, Swaziland and Paulpietersburg,
North Natal, which has been given the temporary name of ‘“ West’s
Cycad’”’; and a single male plant in Kirstenbosch which has lost its
label, but which is thought to have been sent by D. R. Keith from
Swaziland in 1935 (Henderson 1607 in Herb. N.B.G.).

The Paulpietersburg plant has only recently been discovered, and it
bears a female cone of which I have seen scales and seeds, as well as a
photograph and a drawing and notes by Miss I. C. Verdoorn. It is
distinct from that of any other South African species and there can now
be little doubt that “ West’s Cycad”’ is an undescribed species, if all
the specimens enumerated below are correctly placed in the same group.
If the Kirstenbosch plant also belongs, it reinforces this conclusion, for
its male cone is distinctive. But the matching of these specimens has
been done on foliage characters alone, which are notoriously difficult
in the herbarium, and there has been no opportunity to see and compare
numbers of living plants from each locality. The description is compiled
from all material available, in the belief that only one species is repre-
sented, but until cones of both sexes from all localities are examined,
there is an element of doubt.

Specimens seen—Common on rocky summit of Lebombo Mts.,
near Ingwavuma, Zululand, West 2118 (Herb. Natal., Nat. Herb.) ;
Ingwavuma, Zululand, Conyngham A, B, C (Nat. Herb.) ; near Ravelston,
Stegi, Swaziland, Keith s.n. (Nat. Herb., Christian 597 in Herb. N.B.G.) ;
Stegi, Swaziland, Keith sn. (Nat. Herb.); Paulpietersburg, Natal,
Schoeman 1 (Nat. Herb.).

Description.—Stem rather stout, up to 6 ft., fide M. Schoeman, with
domed top, more or less woolly, bracts rather small, deciduously woolly ;
leaves close set, yellowish green, straight or slightly recurved at apex,
reaching c. 135 cm. or more in wild plants, pulvinus rather stout, brown
woolly at base, collar dirty white, almost hidden by bracts ; ‘petiole
variable in length, usually short, c. 6—8 cm. long, upper surface with
obscure blunt ridge which disappears less than half way up rachis,
which then becomes rounded, lower surface of petiole and rachis rounded ;
leaflets c. 50—75 pairs, green not glaucous, median ones linear lanceolate
-or linear oblong, c. 11.5 cm. long and 1.5—1.6 cm. broad (up to 16
em. x 2 em. in wild plants), slightly falcate, more or less spaced and not
overlapping in lower third of leaf, more crowded and tending to overlap
above, base of leaflet shortly contracted, yellowish, apex abruptly
pungent, sometimes slightly hooked, both margins with 2, 1, or 0 short
spine-tipped teeth 0.5—0.6 cm. long near base of leaf, shorter in upper

60 The Journal of South African Botany.

leaflets, lower margin more frequently toothed than upper, upper leaflets
often entire, or teeth reduced to small blunt excrescences ; basal leaflets
reduced in size, finally to prickles, more or less spreading, upper ones in
-a wide V ; nerves below slender but easily visible, c. 25 in median leaflets.
Male cone solitary, general colour dull orange yellow, peduncle 4—5
em. long, tapering, completely hidden by tough narrow lanceolate
bracts densely covered with deciduous brown wool, length (excluding

J
Se ee

Fig. 14. Encephalartos sp. “* West's Cycad”. A, B—female scale from above and
from front, C—seed, D, E—median male scale from below and from front.
About nat. size. Del: M. P. Henderson.

peduncle) 34 cm., greatest diam. c..10 cm., about 1/3rd from base,
tapering very gently to apex, more abruptly to base, cylindric, c. 14
spirals of scales ; median scales c. 3 cm. long, c. 3.5 cm. greatest width,
almost orbicular in outline, free part projecting c. 1 em. beyond sporangial
surface, lateral angles slightly winged and irregularly toothed, con-
tinued over exposed face as a sharp decurved ridge so that the scales

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 61
of Encephalartos.

-appear to overlap downwards; upper angle humped, this becoming
more pronounced towards base of cone so that a flattened vertical area
appears on exposed surface of scale. This cone differs strikingly from the
normal type in the stiffness and closeness of the scales after elongation,
the small crowded microsporangia, and the absence of a beak. The
downward overlapping scales are quite different from those species in
which there is no beak, but in which the scale apex is flattened and
rhomboid. Female cone more or less oblong or ovate oblong, narrowed
rather abruptly to apex on account of 4—5 spirals of reduced scales ;
11—12 spirals of scales in all; c. 30 cm. tall, ec. 17 cm. diam. ; median
scales c. 6 cm. long, exposed face, c. 5 cm. across and 3 cm. vertically,
more or less rhomboid, flat, hardly protruding, antimony yellow to clay
coloured (fide Miss Verdoorn), upper angle rounded, lower angle rounded,
truncate, or sometimes subacute, slightly projecting downwards, some-
times with two parallel obscure ridges, lateral angles subacute, with a
narrow roughly toothed crest running more or less horizontally to central
umbilicus, and then along its lower rim; umbilicus rather obscure,
apparently often partially obliterated by papillate excrescences, narrowly
oblong, more or less excavate, coarsely pale brown hairy, the hairs some-
times extending to lower half of exposed face ; upper half of face more
or less corrugate, and papillate towards centre; inner parts of scale
stipe and sinus arms. scarlet, body closely and irregularly lacerate-
papillate, stipe smooth, sinus arms with outer margin more or less
winged and lacerate ; seeds red, oblong, somewhat tapered to distal end,
c. 4 em. long and 2 cm. diam., very fleshy, hilum rather small.

(21) Encephalartos sp.

Henderson 1591, 2144, 2145 (Herb. N.B.G.).

There are four plants of this group in Kirstenbosch, two of them
males, the other two rather larger, but their sex unknown. The origin
of these plants is quite unknown. No herbarium material from wild
plants has been seen which matches them, and except for a sheet in the
Bolus Herbarium prepared from one of them, no dried material referable
to the group has been seen. If they are of S. African origin, which is
highly probable, they appear to be undescribed. The leaves look a little
like those of Altensteinii and there is a resemblance also to this species
in the male cone scales, but the general appearance of the plants is not
that of Altensteinii and there are differences in detail.

Description —Stem very stont, ovoid, short (60—90 cm.), pale
coloured with large scales, apex with some brown wool, leaf rows very
widely spaced (perhaps a consequence of comparatively rapid growth
in good soil) ; leaves not glaucous when young, rather straight, or rachis
slightly and gently recurved at apex, up to c. 155 cm. long, pulvinus

62 The Journal of South African Botany.

very stout, c. 8—10 cm. across at base, with a conspicuous pale brownish
white collar with narrow reddish brown margin, petiole usually short,
reaching c. 30 cm. ; leaflets 45—50 pairs, basal ones more or less spreading
but not reflexed, upper in a wide V ; lower more or less spaced, upper
overlapping ; gradually reduced in size at base to very small bifid
leaflets and occasionally to prickles; median leaflets c. 15 em. long,
2.5 em. wide, oblong lanceolate, gently narrowed at base and there
pale green, apex with a pale yellow spine tipped brownish c. 5 mm.
long ; lower margin of leaflet often with 1—3 short triangular spine-
tipped lobes usually not more than c. 1.5 cm. long, except where they
occur near leaflet tip, where they are usually deeper and broader ; upper
margin of leaflet generally entire, but sometimes with one spine-tipped
tooth ; lobes usually not much twisted out of plane of leaflet ; upper
surface of leaflet shining deep green, lower surface paler, not shining,
the venation slender but distinct, ec. 20—-25 nerves in median leaflets.
Male cone solitary or multiple, peduncle stout, c. 4 cm. long, 3.5 cm. diam.,
green, thinly pale woolly with a few scattered scale bracts; general
colour of cone pale yellowish, c. 33 cm. tall, 1O—11 cm. greatest diam.,
more or less cylindric, tapered gradually to apex and slightly to base
from a little below middle; 15—16 spirals of scales; median scales
oblong obovate, total length c. 4 cm., greatest width c. 2.5 cm., beak
projecting beyond sporangial surface c. 1—1.2 em., slightly decurved,
sides rugose, lateral angles blunt to subacute, irregularly toothed, upper
angle humped, triangular acute, lower angle similar; flattened apex
of beak irregularly quadrangular, slightly excavate, lower margin more
or less irregularly and inconspicuously toothed. Female cones not seen.

(22) Encephalartos sp.'

A single small plant in Kirstenbosch, origin unknown, Henderson
2032 (Herb. N.B.G.). :

A female cone, and leaf specimens which match Henderson 2032
have been received from Miss H. M. L. Forbes, gathered from’ plants
cultivated in the Durban Botanic Gardens. The origin of these plants is
unknown, and it may be that neither they nor the Kirstenbosch plant
are South African. As, however, attempts to identify the group with
extra-regional species have failed, the description which follows has
been included. If these plants are South African in origin, it appears
that they represent an undescribed species.

Description—(The description of the leaves is drawn up from both
the Kirstenbosch plant and an almost fresh leaf specimen from Durban.)
Stem (Kirstenbosch plant) slender, only the apex above ground, with.
broad brownish scales ; leaves up to c. 135 cm, long, rather stiff and erect,
rachis almost straight, petiole c. 3 em. long, young leaves with sparse
white tomentum on rachis near base, older leaves glabrous except for

Materials for a Revision of the South African Species 63
of Encephalartos.

some brown wool round petiolar pulvinus ; leaflets spreading or in a wide
V in lower half of leaf, spaced in lower half, closer above but hardly
overlapping, median and mid-upper ones longest, oblong lanceolate or
more or less linear oblong, up to c. 18 cm. long and 1.8—2 cm. broad,
bases slightly paler than rest of leaflet, rather abruptly and shortly

Pig. 15. Encephalartos sp., female cone scales from a plant of unknown origin
cultivated in Durban. A—median scale from above, B—from front, C—seed.
About nat. size. Del: M. P. Henderson.

contracted on upper margin, lower margin slightly contracted and de-
current, both margins with 3—6 short, narrow, spine-tipped teeth, more
or less equally spaced along the margins, or two or three closer together
near base of upper margin, the teeth near apex deeper and giving the
effect of a bi- or tri-dentate apex, basal leaflets gradually reduced in size
to prickles, which reach nearly to pulvinus ; venation below fine, c. 18—-

64 The Journal of South African Botany.

20 nerves in median leaflets. Female cone oblong, truncate at base,
narrowed slightly to apex, c. 42—44 em. tall, c. 18 em. diam. ; peduncle
very stout, c. 7.5 cm. diam. near its apex, green, glabrous ; c. 12 spirals
of scales, a few reduced infertile ones at cone base; general colour of
cone green; axis stout, c.8 cm. diam. at base. Median scales: total
length c. 5.5—6 em., greatest width c. 6 cm., greatest depth vertically
ec. 3 em., exposed face roughly hexagonal, protruding c. 1.5 cm., smooth
or lightly corrugate, glabrous, shading from dull grey green or sage green
at apex to yellowish green at base of exposed face ; lateral angles as short
acute ridges running in a downward curve to apex, upper angle broadly
. rounded with two raised lines c. 1 cm. apart running from apex and con-
verging at base of exposed face, lower angle rounded, humped, and more
or less protruding, with two similar parallel lines converging below,
these lines forming the boundaries of the narrow upper and lower facets
of the hexagonal exposed face ; apical umbilicus rather large, roughly
hexagonal, more or less excavate, smooth, glabrous, c. 2 cm. across and
1—1.5 em. vertically, placed below centre of exposed face so that the
scale appears somewhat bent downwards, lower margin of apical um-
bilicus protruding; base of exposed face finely punctate, the inner
part of scale body with short blunt irregular papillae ; sinus arms and
stipe salmon pink, sinus arms very short, sinus c. 2 cm. wide, stipe
angled, c. 2.5—2.8 cm. long; seeds c. 3.6 cm. long and 2.5 cm. diam.,
dull scarlet with faint whitish bloom, oblong, slightly tapered to micropyle
end, 4-angled.

In outline the scales resemble those of villosus a little, but the pro-
truding face with hollowed apex is quite distinct from that species.

Encephalartos tridentatus (Willd.) Lehm., Pugillus VI, (1834).

This plant was first described as Zamia tridentata by Willdenow,
who gave the locality as “‘? Cape of Good Hope.” It was figured in
Miq., Monogr. Cycad. t. 6, a tracing of which has been supplied by
Miss I. C. Verdoorn. Index Kewensis gives it as 8. African but Hutchin-
son and Rattray do not mention it. Lehmann’s description is as follows :
“. caudice . . ., rhachi semitereti canaliculata pinnisque linearibus
subsulcatis apice irregulariter inciso-tridentatis glabris.”

Miquel’s figure is of a single apparently almost complete leaf with a
very long slender petiole more than two-thirds the length of the rest of
the leaf. The leaflets are very narrow, linear oblong, the median ones
about 20 times as long as broad, the nervation apparently evident, some-
times with a short tooth a little above the middle and one near apex,
the apex bidentate or tridentate, like HL. villosus; rachis slender,
leaflets spaced, not reduced at base, no prickles on petiole.

I have not been able to place this plant. It may be a juvenile or
seedling leaf of one of the known species.

ele

LAT
2.

P

, female cone.

caffer

H.
E

E. caffer, male cone.

Ife

female cone.

>

villosus

UY.

4,

E. villosus, male cones.

3.

rson,

R. Hendey

I.

A

[Photo :

Prate III.

LE. latifrons. 2. H. sp. aff. latifrons, Henderson 1680.
3. 1. sp. aff. latifrons, Henderson 2017. 4, E. sp. aff. latifrons, Henderson 1562.
[Photo: M. R. Henderson.

PLATE IV.

1. H. horridus, female cone. 2. EH. latifrons, female cone.
3. H. horridus, male cone. 4. EH. latifrons, male cone.
[Photo: M. R. Henderson.

rT

PratTh V.

|. HL. kosiensis, male cone. 2. HM. transvenosus, female cones.

| Photo: M. R. Henderson.

Puate VI, HL. Lehmannii.

1. Female cone, form “* A ”’ 2. Female cones, form ‘* D”’.
3. Female cone, form “ Bl”. 4, Female cone, form ‘“‘ B2”’.

[Photo: M. R. Henderson.

Prare VII, #. Lehmanni.
1. From left to right: one leaf of form “A”, 2. From left to right : One leaf of form ‘“‘ B2”’,

two leaves of form ““C”. two leaves of form *“‘ Bl”.
3. Plant of form “ F”. 4. From left to right: Two leaves of form
“B”, male plant, two leaves of form
oR.

[Photo: M. R,. Henderson.

Prate VIII, HL. cycadifolius.
1. Female cones. 2. Male cones.
[Photo: M. R. Henderson and F. W. Thorns.

Puate IX.

1. BH. laevifolius, female cones. 2. HE. lanatus, female cone.
3. H. laevifolius, male cone. 4. HB. lanatus, male cone.
[Photo: M. Rk. Henderson.

Prater X.

1. EB. Ghellinekii, with old male cone. 2. Encephalartos sp., of unknown — origin,
Henderson 2032.
3. EL. sp., aff. Ghellinckii, Henderson 1566. 4. Female cone of unknown origin, cult. in

Durban, probably the same species as
Henderson 2032.
[Photo: M. R. Henderson.

JOURNAL
OF

SOUTH AFRICAN BOTANY

VOLUME XI.

SOME NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES IN THE
GENUS HAWORTHIA. IV.

(With Plates XI & XII.)
By G. G. Smits.

Haworthia viscosa var. cougaensis G. G. Smith. (Liliaceae-Aloineae.)
Sect. Trifariae.

Caulis foliatus longus 9 cm., latus una cum foliis 32 mm.

Folia spisse imbricata, tortuose trifaria, longa 21 mm., lata parte
media 14 mm.; supra concava, papillis clarioribus tertia parte superiore
ornata ; subtus convexa, basi laevia, parte superiore minute scabrosa.

Pedunculus simplex, diam. 2 mm., longus una cum racemo 28
em.; racemus longus 10 em., floribus flosculisque circiter 11 ornatus ;
pedicel longi 4 mm., diam. vix 2 mm.; perianthium viride-album,
longum 16 mm.; ovarium longum 23 mm., diam. 1} mm.

Leafy stem ascending, 9 cm. long, 32 mm. across including the leaves,
slowly proliferous from the base.

Leaves closely imbricated, spirally trifarious, 21 mm. long, 14 mm.
broad and 4 mm. thick at the middle, oval, acute-acuminate, cuspidate,
the old recurved at an angle of about 90 degrees, the young less recurved,
the sheathing leaf base 3 mm. long on the side opposite to the lamina ;

KEY TO THE DRAWINGS.

F = Leaf face. B = Leaf back.
LS = Longitudinal section. SM = Section near middle.
SB = Section near base. . ST = Section near tip.
INF = Inflorescence. Del. M. C. L. = Drawn by Miss M.
O & S = Ovary and Stamens. Courtenay-Latimer.

C = Capsule.

66 The Journal of South African Botany.

face concave, becoming triangular-concave towards the tip, smooth
below with small lighter coloured papillae in the upper 4, pink at base,
light green up to about the middle, then darker green becoming lighter
green near tip. dull; back convex, smooth below, minutely scabrous
in the upper 4, same colour as face, dull ; kee/ 1, in the upper 4. obliquely
arranged, obtuse below, acute above; margins acute below, blunt in
the upper %. dark green below, lighter above, gristly, + shining.

Fig. 1.
H. viscosa var. cougensis. Hi. viscosa var. viridissima.

Peduncle simple, terete, 3 mm. diam., 28 em. long including the
raceme, brown below ; raceme 10 cm. long, about 11 + spirally arranged
flowers and buds, 1—-2 open simultaneously ; pedicels 4 mm. long,
barely 3 mm. diam., ascending, light brown ; sterile bracts 2, the lower
one 7 cm. from base of peduncle ; fertile bracts 24 mm. long, lanceolate,
subulate, light brown with a broad dark brown nerve ; pertanth greenish-

ee eS Oe ee ee

a ee

Some New Species and Varieties in the Genus Haworthia. IV. 67

white, 16 mm. long, the cylindrical-hexagonal sub-globose base fully
2} mm. diam., constricted to 2} mm. above, ascending, + curved ;
wpper segments obtuse, recurved, not spreading ; lower segments obtuse,
narrower, morerecurved, the inner one + channelled, the outer ones
replicate, spreading ; stamens 5 and 6 mm. long; ovary 23 mm. long,
1} mm. diam., light green; style 3 mm. long, greenish, bent, capitate.

Habitat: Cape Province ; Willowmore Dist. (Type, G. G. Smith
2902, in East London Museum Herbarium ; co-types in Nat. Bot. Gdns.
Herb., Kirstenbosch and Nat. Herb., Pretoria.)

Distribution: not further known.

This variety was collected by the Author in Noy. 1939 between
Couga and Zandvlakte in the Willowmore Dist. It is nearest to H.
viscosa Vv. viridissima G. G. Smith, which plant however is darker green,
more proliferous, the leaves are less spirally arranged and less closely
packed, the old leaves less recurved, has more flowers and buds, and
a larger perianth.

Haworthia viscosa var. viridissima G. G. Smith (Liliaceae-Aloineae)

~ Sect. Trifariae.

Caulis foliatus erectus vel sub-erectus, altus 10 cm., diam. una cum
foliis 35 mm., a basi proliferans.

Folia ordinate ve! plus minusve tortuose trifaria divergentia, recur-
vata, longa 22 mm., lata inferiore parte 13 mm., ovata, acuminata ;
supra concava, minute scabrosa ; subtus convexa, apicem versus acute
triquetra, minute scabrosa, basim versus pallide viridia, superius obscure
viridia. :

Pedunculus simplex, diam. vix 1 mm., longus una cum racemo 17 mm.,
basi rubido-fuscus ; racemus longus 5} cm.; pedicelli longi 44 mm.,
diam. ? mm. fuscido-virides ; bracteae fertiles longae 4 mm., lanceolate
subulatae ; perianthium fuscido-album, longum 16 mm.; ovariwm
longum 34 mm., diam. 14 mm., fulvo-viride.

Leafy stem erect to sub-erect, 10 cm. tall, 35 mm. across including the
leaves, proliferous from the base and forming clusters.

Leaves regularly to + spirally trifarious, imbricated, spreading,
recurved, 22 mm. long, 13 mm. broad below the middle, 3} mm. thick at
middle, the sheathing leaf base 3 mm. long on the side opposite to lamina,
oval, acuminate, cuspidate ; face concave below, the upper { triangular,
the upper } and towards the margins to the middle of leaf minutely
scabrous, with 2 dark green longitudinal lines which are only somewhat

distinct in the lower part of leaf, pink towards the base, light green

68 The Journal of South African Botany.

above, darker green towards the tip, somewhat shining ; back rounded,
acutely triangular towards the tip, the upper ? minutely scabrous, with
7 + indistinct longitudinal lines visible only in lower part of leaf, light
green towards the base, dark green above, dull; keel, 1 in upper },
concolorous, horny, shining, acute ;\ margins acute below, the upper #
rounded, light greenish-brown, horny, shining.

Peduncle simple, terete, barely 1 mm. diam., 17 cm. long including
the raceme, reddish-brown below ; raceme 54 cm. long, about 12 uni-
laterally arranged flowers and buds, 2 open simultaneously ; pedicels
41 mm. long, 3? mm. diam., ascending, greenish-brown ; _ sterile bracts
2, 44 mm. long, the lower one 64 cm. from the base of peduncle ; fertile
bracts 4 mm. long, lanceolate-subulate, white with a broad reddish-brown
nerve ; perianth brownish-white, 16 mm. long, the cylindrical-hexagonal
shortly stipitate subglobose base 3 mm. diam., constricted to 23 mm.
above, oblong, ascending, hardly curved; wpper segments obtuse,
channelled, the inner one broad, recurved about 90 degrees near the tip,
the face colour white towards the tip, pale green below, with a broad
green nerve, the 2 outer segments more recurved, spreading, white with
a broad greenish-brown nerve ; lower segments obtuse, the inner one
channelled, narrow, shortly revolute, the face colour white towards the
tip, pale green below with a broad greenish-brown nerve, the 2 outer
segments replicate, very recurved, spreading, the face colour white, with
a broad greenish-brown nerve; sfamens 6 and 7 mm. long; ovary 3}
mm. long, 14 mm. diam., yellowish-green ; style 4 mm. long, bent,
capitate, light yellowish-green.

Habitat : Cape Province ; Steytlerville District. (Type, G. G. Smith,
2915, in the Kast London Museum Herb. ; co-types in Nat. Bot. Gdns.
‘Herb., Kirstenbosch and Nat. Herb., Pretoria).

Distribution : Not further known.

This variety was collected by the Author in Nov., 1939, about 12 miles
S.E. of Steytlerville. It differs from the species in its bright green colour,
is not as scabrous, margins smooth or almost smooth, leaves not as
sandy.

Haworthia asperiuscula var. sub-integra G. G. Smith. (Liliaceae-
Aloineae.). Sect. Trifariae.

Caulis foliatus erectus, altus 10 cm., latus una cum foliis 30 mm.,
a basi lente proliferans.

Folia ordinate vel plus minusve tortuose trifaria, divergentia, plus
minusve recurvata, longa 20 mm., late mediam partem prope 15 mm.,
ovatu-deltoidea, abrupte acuta, cuspidata; swpra concava, minute

Some New Species and Varieties in the Genus Haworthia. IV. 69

scabrosa, parte inferiore pallide viridia, parte superiore olivaceo-viridia ;
subtus convexa, minute scabrosa, obscure viridia.

Pedunculus simplex ellipticus 1 x 14 mm., longus una cum racemo
26 cm., basi obscure fuscus ; racemus longus 9 cm.; pedicelli longi 34
mm., elliptici ? x 1 mm., virides ; bracteae fertiles longae 4 mm., lanceo-
lato-deltoideae, acutae, albae, tenui nervo fusco ornatae ; perianthium
longum 16 mm.; ovariwm longum 3 mm., diam. 14 mm., pallide fulvo-
viride.

Leafy stem erect, 10 cm. long, 30 mm. across including the leaves,
slowly proliferous from the base and forming clusters.

Leaves regularly to somewhat spirally trifarious, imbricated, spreading,
+ recurved, 20 mm. long, 15 mm. broad near the middle, 54 mm. thick,
the sheathing leaf base 4 mm. long on opposite side to the lamina, ovate-
deltoid, abruptly acute, cuspidate; face concave below, triangular
towards tip, minutely scabrous and sandy, light green in the lower half,
olive green and sandy above, dull; back rounded, triangular near tip,
minutely scabrous, dark green and sandy, dull; keel 1, in the upper 3,
-+- obliquely arranged, obtuse below, acute above, with very fine papillae
and minute, crowded, horny, concolorous teeth ; margins acute in the
lower half, blunt above, scabrous, concolorous.

Peduncle simple, 1 by 14 mm. elliptic, 26 cm. long including the
raceme, dark brown below; raceme 9 cm. long, about 14 spirally arranged
flowers and buds, 2 open simultaneously; pedicels 3} mm. long, ? by 1
mm. elliptic, erect-spreading, green ; sterile bracts 3,54 mm. long, the
lowest 74 cm. from the base; fertile bracts 4 mm. long, lanceolate-deltoid,
acute, white, with a fine brown nerve; pertanth white, 16 mm. long, the
cylindrical-hexagonal sub-globose base 3} mm. diam., very slightly
constricted above, oblong, erect-spreading, not curved ; wpper segments
obtuse, channelled, face colour of the 2 outer white with a medium-
fine nerve which is red at tip and green below, recurved about 90 degrees,
spreading, face colour of inner segment silvery-white at tip, green below,
with a fine green nerve, straight, tip incurved ; lower segments obtuse,
face colour of the 2 outer segments silvery-white, with a fine greenish-
brown nerve, recurved about 80 degrees, replicate-wavy, spreading, face
colour of inner segment white with a greenish-brown nerve, + channelled,
+ revolute ; stamens 6 and 63} mm. long; ovary 3 mm. long, 1} mm.
diam., light yellowish-green ; style 2? mm. long, straight, + capitate.

Habitat: Cape Province ; Ladismith Dist. (Type, G. G. Smith 5369,
in East London Museum Herb.: co-types in Nat. Bot. Gdns. Herb.,
Kirstenbosch ; Nat. Herb., Pretoria).

Distribution : not further known.

70 The Journal of South African Botany.

This variety was collected by Mr. J. Dekenah of Riversdale in Oct.,
1942, near Ladismith, growing on a very dry rocky hill under bushes
about 10 ft. high. It is darker green than the species and the margins
are horny and not scabrous.

Haworthia Reinwardtii var. betlula G. G. Smith. (Liliaceae-Aloineae.)
Sect. Coarctatae.

0. & S.
a! cM. ,
S.M.
6. F.
tcM. ,
‘ Fig. 2.
H. asperiuscula var. sub-integra. H. Reinwardivi var. bellula.

Caulis foliatus longus circiter 5 cm., diam una cum foliis 20 mm., a
basi proliferans.

. Folia multifaria, longa 15 mm., lata basim prope 7 mm., ovata, acuta ;

supra concava, laevia, basim prope claro-viridia, apicem versus obscure

viridia ; subtus convexa, tuberculis prominentibus oblongatis albidis in

8—10 lineas transversales instructis ornata.

Some New Species and Varieties in the Genus Haworthia. IV. 71

Pedunculus diam. 14 mm., longus circiter 23 cm. una cum racemo
longo 9 cm.; pedicelli longi 2 mm., diam. 1 mm.; bracteae steriles 2,
longae 4 mm.; bracteae fertiles longae 3 mm.; perianthiwm longum
17 mm., basi ecylindrico-hexagonali diam. 34 mm.; ovarvwm longum
3 mm., diam. 1} mm., viride ; stylus longus 14 mm.

Leafy stem simple, about 5 cm. tall and 20 mm. diam. including the
leaves, proliferous from the base and forming dense clusters.

Leaves crowded, multifarious, ascending, incurved, 15 mm. long, 7
mm. broad near the base, 3} mm. thick, ovate, acute ; face concave,
with 3 sometimes indistinct raised concolorous lines, the middle one
sometimes reaching the tip, the others meeting the middle line one above
the otber below the tip, smooth, light green near the base and darker
green above ; back convex, beset with raised oblong whitish transversely
truncated ? mm. diam. tubercles in 8—10 transverse rows and in about
10 indistinct longitudinal rows, the transverse rows about 14} mm. apart
at the middle of the leaf, light green below, dark green above, obtusely
keeled below, becoming + acute towards the tip.

Peduncle simple, 14 mm. diam., about 23 cm. long including the
raceme, brown below ; raceme 9 cm. long, about 16 spirally arranged
flowers and buds, I—2 open simultaneously ; pedicels 2 mm. long, 1 mm.
diam., + erect, light brown ; sterile bracts 2, 4 mm. long, the lower one
8 cm. from base of peduncle ; fertile bracts 3 mm. long, deltoid, acuminate,
dull white with a medium fine very dark brown nerve ; perianth white,
17 mm. long, the cylindrical-hexagonal subglobose base 35 mm. diam.,
oblong, only slightly constricted above, ascending, curved; upper
segments obtuse, channelled, slightly recurved, face colour of the 2 outer
white with a broad dark greenish-brown nerve, recurved, + spreading,
face colour of the inner segment white at tip, green below, with a broad
greenish-brown nerve, less recurved; lower segments obtuse, very
recurved, face colour of the 2 outer white at tip, green below, with a
medium-fine greenish-brown nerve, replicate, + spreading, face colour
of the inner white with a broad greenish-brown nerve, chanelled ;
stamens 44 and 54 mm. long ; ovary 3 mm. long, 1j mm. diam., green ;
style 14 mm. long, yellowish-white, straight, + capitate.

Habitat: Cape Province ; Albany Division. (Type, G. G. Smith 3137,
in East London Museum Herbarium; co-types in Nat. Bot. Gdns.
Herb., Kirstenbosch and Nat. Herb., Pretoria).

Distribution : not further known.

This very distinctive variety-is described from material given to me
by Miss. G. Britten of the Albany Museum Herbarium in Feb., 1940.
It occurs about 44 miles from Grahamstown on the Cradock road, where

72 The Journal of South African Botany.

it has been found by several collectors ; the locality was pointed out to
me by Miss Britten. This variety differs from the type and any of the
varietal forms of H. Reinwardtii Haw., in its very small size. It is a
pretty, neat, upright plant, forming dense clusters, and its distribution
appears to be limited to the type locality.

Haworthia Otzenii G. G. Smith. (Liliaceae-Aloineae.) Sect. Retusae.

Rosetta acaulescens, diam. 60 mm.

Fola 15 circiter, longa 42 mm., lata 11 mm., oblongata, acuto-
deltoidea ; pars retusa longa 14 mm., lata 11 mm., laevis, lineis 5—7
pallide viridibus ornata; swbtus convexa, laevia, basim versus claro-
viridia, apicem versus pulliora; margines carinaque integri.

Pedunculus simplex, diam. 14 mm.; pedicelli longi 1 mm., diam. 14
mm., valde obscure virides ; perianthvum opace album, longum 17 mm.,
ovarium longum 3 mm., diam. 1} mm.; stylus longus 14 mm.

Rosette acaulescent, 60 mm. diam., not or slowly proliferous from the
base.

Leaves about 15, the young erect, the old ascending-erect, hardly
recurved, firm, 42 mm. long, 11 mm. broad from lower end of end-area
to base of leaf, 8 mm. thick at base of end-area, oblong, acute-deltoid ;
end-awn absent ; face below end-area flat below, + convex above, retused
at an angle of about 60 degrees, pale green below, darker green above,
dull; end-area 14 mm. long, 11 mm. broad, + convex below, + flat
near tip, smooth, pellucid green, + shining, with 5 (—7) parallel pale
green lines, the middle one longer but not reaching the tip, the others
progressively shorter; back convex, smooth, with very minute whitish
longitudinal flecks, light green below, darker green above, dull; keel
1, obliquely arranged in the upper ?, + triangular near tip, smooth ;
margins -- acute, smooth.

Peduncle simple, terete, 1} mm. diam., 25 mm. long including the
raceme, light brown below; raceme 10 cm. long, about 18 spirally
arranged flowers and buds, 2 open simultaneously ; pedicels 1 mm.
long, 14 mm. diam., very dark green ; sterile bracts about 11, amplexicaul,
the lower ones 12 mm. long, becoming shorter above, the lowest one 1
em. from base of peduncle ; fertile bracts 10 mm. long, deltoid acuminate,
white with a brown nerve ; perianth dull white, 17 mm. long, the cylin-
drical-triangular base 4 mm. diam., constricted to 3 mm. above, ascending,
+ curved ; upper segments obtuse, channelled, the 2 outer ones recurved,
not spreading, face colour dull white with a broad greenish-brown nerve,
the inner segment less recurved, replicate towards the tip, sborter, face
colour dull greenish-white with a broad greenish-brown nerve ; /ower

Some New Species and Varieties in the Genus Haworthia. IV. 73

segments obtuse, channelled, the outer ones + replicate near tip, long
recurved, spreading, face colour greenish-white with a broad green nerve,
the inner segment more recurved, longer, face colour dull white with a
broad greenish-brown nerve ; stamens 5 and 6 mm. long ; ovary 3 mm.
long, 1} mm. diam., yellowish-green ; style 1} mm. long, white, bent.

capitate.

Fig. 3.

H. Otzenii. H. Dekenahii var. argenteo-maculosa.

Habitat : Cape Province ; Bredasdoip Dist. (Type, G. G. Smith 5478
(Oizen 6), in East London Museum Herbarium ; co-types in Nat. Bot.
Gdns. Herb., Kirstenbosch; Nat. Herb., Pretoria).

Distribution : not further known.

This interesting species is named for its discoverer Mr. M. Otzen, a
well-known succulent enthusiast of many years standing, who collected
it near Napier, in the Bredasdorp District, and sent it to the Author in

=

74 - The Journal of South African Botany.

Dec., 1943. It is nearest to H. retusa v. mutica (Haw.) Bak., but is easily
distinguished by its much longer and more pointed leaves which are more
upright.

Haworthia Dekenahii var. argenteo-maculosa G. G. Smith. (Liliaceae-
Aloineae.) Sect. Retusae.

Rosetta acaulescens, diam. 60 mm.:

Folia longa 37 mm., lata 14 mm.; supra sub parte retusa plano-
concava, pallide viridia; parte retusa convexa, plana vel tuberculis
concoloribus inconspicue prominentibus lineisque 5 male distinctis
ornata ; subtus valde convexa, lineis circiter 10 indistinctis ornata.

Pedunculus simplex, longus una cum racemo multifloreato 14 cm. ;
racemus longus 6 cm.; pedicella longi 1 mm., virides ; bracteae fertiles
~ longae 8} mm., albae, lato nervo obscure fusco percursae ; perranthiuwm
opaco-album, longum 15 mm.; ovariwm longum 3 mm., diam. 14 mm.,
‘pallide viride ; stylus longus 1 mm., capitatus.

Rosette acaulescent, 32 cm. high, 60 mm. diam.

Leaves about 9, the young erect, + incurved, the old ascending,
recurved at tip, firm, 37 mm. long, 14 mm. broad and 7 mm. thick at
base of end-area, 53 mm. thick below, ovate-oblong deltoid to broadly
acute ; face below end-area flat-concave, pale green with a dark band
just below the end-area, dull; end-area retused at an angle of about
75 degrees, 15 mm. long and broad, convex, smooth or with inconspicu-
ously raised concolorous tubercles, minutely scabrous and with short
longitudinal whitish flecks, hardly shining, greenish pellucid, with 5
smudgy lines, the middle one only reaching or nearly reaching the tip of
leaf, the lines converging but not meeting; back very rounded, light
apple green, dark green towards tip, dull, with about 10 indistinct lines
which are more indistinct below ; keel entire, obliquely arranged, visible
near tip ; margins entire, + acute below, + round and corneous towards
the tip, pellucid white in the upper 4 and membranous below.

Peduncle simple, + terete to elliptic 24 by 3 mm., including the many-
flowered raceme 14 cm. long, light greyish-brown ; raceme 6 cm. long,
about 40 flowers and buds, one open at a time; pedicels 1 mm. long,
14 by 1 mm. elliptic, green; sterile bracts 15, 10 mm. long, the lowest
1—14 cm. from base; fertile bracts 8$ mm. long, deltoid acuminate,
white with a broad dark brown nerve; perianth dull white, greyish-
brown lined, 15 mm. long, the cylindrical-triangular base 34 mm. across,
constricted to 24 mm. above, ascending, the tube + curved; wpper
segments obtuse, the inner one channelled, recurved, the face colour
white near tip and green below with a broad greenish-brown nerve, the

Some New Species and Varieties in the Genus Haworthia. IV. 75

outer segments replicate towards the tip, recurved, spreading, longer and
narrower than the inner, face colour dull white with a greenish-brown
nerve ; lower segments obtuse, the inner one channelled, long recurved,
face colour white with a broad greenish-brown nerve, the outer replicate
shorter than the inner, spreading, face colour white towards the tip and
green below with a broad green nerve ; stamens 44 and 44 mm. long ;
ovary 3 mm. long, 14 mm. diam., light green; style 1 mm. long, bent,
capitate.

Habitat : Cape Province ; Mossel Bay Dist. (Type, G. G. Smith 3959,
in East London Museum Herb. ; .co-types in Nat. Bot. Gdns. Herb.,
Kirstenbosch and Nat. Herb., Pretoria.)

Distribution : not further known.

This species is described from plants collected by Mr. S. Emett, Forest
Officer, Alexandria, in April, 1941, growing in a stony outcrop a few miles
east of Gouritz River Bridge. The plants flowered in the Author’s garden
in Dec., 1942 and 1943. They differ from the species by their blunter
leaves and more flecked end-area.

Haworthia longebracteata G. G. Smith. (Liliaceae-Aloineae.) Sect.
Retusae. ;

Rosetta acaulescens, lata 10 cm., a basi proliferans.

Folia 34 circiter, apice incurvata, longa 55 mm., lata 17 mm., crassa
sub basi partis retusae 10 mm., oblongato-ovata, acuto-acuminata ;
pars retusa longa 17 mm., lata 16 mm., laevis, lineis 4—7 percursa, linea
media ad apicem pertinente ; swbtus laevia, paucis apicem versus maculis
pellucidis longitudinalibus lineisque 9 obscure viridibus percursa ;
margines carinaque raris dentibus albidis ornati.

Pedunculus simplex, diam. 24 mm.; pedicelli longi 24 mm., diam.
1 mm. amplius ; perianthium album, longum 16 mm.: ovarium longum
3 mm., diam. 1} mm.; stylus longus 1 mm.

Rosette acaulescent, 10 cm. across, fairly proliferous from the base
and forming large clusters.

Leaves about 34, the young erect, the old ascending, incurved at tip,
firm, 55 mm. long, 17 mm. broad and 10 mm. thick below base of end-
area, 15 mm. broad at base of leaf, oblong-obovate, acute-acuminate ;
end-awn 2—3 mm. long, naked, persistent; face below end-area slightly
convex below, more convex above, smooth, light green, dull; end-area
retused at an angle of about 40 degrees, 17 mm. long, 16 mm. broad,
convex, smooth, with longitudinally arranged whitish flecks, light
greenish -pellucid, dull, with 4—7 converging lines (3 long, 1—4 short)
- the middle one nearly reaching the tip; back convex, smooth, with a

76 The Journal of South African Botany.
number of longitudinally arranged oblong pellucid spots towards the tip,
light green below, -++ light yellowish green towards the tip, dull, with
about 12 darker green lines; keel 1, obliquely arranged in the upper 3,
acute near tip, with a few scattered whitish teeth mostly towards the tip ;
margins acute below, -- rounded in the upper ?, with small + scattered
whitish teeth which become very minute towards the tip and base of leaf.
Peduncle simple, terete, 21 mm. diam., including the faceme 24 em.
long, light brown below; raceme about 7 em. long, about 24 spirally
arranged flowers and buds, 3—4 open simultaneously ; pedicels 24 mm.
long, fully 1 mm. diam., olive green ; sterile bracts 29, the lower one 14
cm. from base of peduncle and 35 mm. long becoming shorter above, the
upper one 9 mm. long; fertile bracts 9 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, white with a fine reddish-brown nerve ; perianth white, 16
mm. long, the cylindrical-triangular base 4 mm. diam., constricted to
3 mm. above, ascending-spreading, curved ; upper segments channelled,
recurved about 45 degrees, the outer ones + acute, spreading, face colour
light pink with a fine reddish-brown nerve, the inner segment obtuse,
face colour white at tip, whitish-brown below, with a fine nerve which
is pink above and greenish-brown below; lower segments, the outer
ones ++ acute, narrow, replicate towards the tip, very recurved, spreading,

face colour white with a fine greenish-brown nerve, the inner segment
obtuse, channelled, more recurved, face colour brownish-white with a fine
greenish-brown nerve ; stamens 5 mm. long; ovary 3 mm. long, 14 mm.
diam., bright green ; style 1 mm. long, white, bent, capitate.

Habitat - Cape Province ; Riversdale Dist. (Type, G. G. Smith 5378,
(Dekenah 18), in East London Museum Herbarium; co-types in Nat.
Bot. Gdns. Herb., Kirstenbosch ; Nat. Herb., Pretoria).

Distribution : not further known.

This species was collected by Mr. J. Dekenah near Still Bay and sent
by him to the Author in Oct., 1943. Compared with H. retusa (L.) Haw.,
the leaves are much longer and more upright, not shining, more pointed,
and not as compact. The sterile bracts are very prominent and the lower
ones very long.

Haworthia Comptoniana G. G. Smith. (Liliaceae-Aloineac.), Sect.
Retusae.

Rosetta acaulescens, lata usque ad 85 cm.

Folia 20 circiter, longa 45 mm., lata 22 mm.: parte retusa convexa,
longa 24 mm., lata 20 mm., pellucide viridia, nitentia, lineis 5—7 brevibus
et longis valde reticulatis ornata : subtus convexa, laevia, basim versus
clarissime viridia, apicem versus obscure viridia, non nitentia ; carina
marginesque minime denticulati.

Some New Species and Varieties in the Genus Haworthia. IV. 77

Pedunculus simplex, longus una cum racemo 22 cm., diam. 1 mm. ;
pedicellt longi 1 mm., diam. 1} mm., virides ; perianthiwm album, longum
18 mm., basi triquetro-cylindrica diam. 5 mm.; ovarium longum 34
mm., diam. 1? mm., claro-viride ; stylus longus 2 mm.

B. F.
DeL MCL. 1 cM.

Fig. 4.
H. longebracteaia. H. Comptoniana.

Rosette acaulescent, up to 84 cm. across, not or hardly proliferous
from the base.

Leaves about 20, spreadimg, incurved st tip, firm, 45 mm. Jong, 20
mm. broad at base of end-area, 16 mm. thick, obovate, deltoid, with a
short (14 mm.) whitish end-awn ; face below end-area concave, becoming
flat-turgid above, smooth ; end-area retused at an angle of about 90

78 The Journal of South African Botany..

degrees, 24 mm. long, convex, + flat near tip, smooth or with a few
small raised concolorous tubercles, and with white oblong longitudinally
arranged flecks, pellucid-green, brownish at tip, shining, with 5—7
short and long very reticulate lines of which 1—2 nearly reach the tip ;
back convex, smooth, with small + round immersed light green spots,
some of which towards the margins are beset with minute teeth, light
bright green below, dark green above, dull, with a number of indistinct
longitudinal lines: keel 1, obliquely arranged near tip, with small light
green teeth in the upper }; margins acute below, rounded towards the
tip, beset with small light green to pellucid teeth which are smaller
towards the base of leaf and tubercle-like above, along end-area entire.

Peduncle simple, fuily 1 mm. diam., 22 cm. long including the raceme,
dark brown below ; raceme 5 cm. long, about 16 sprally arranged flowers
and buds, 2 open at a time ; pedicels 1 mm. long, 1} mm. diam., green ;
sterile bracts 14, 6 mm. long, the lowest longer and 14 cm. from base of
peduncle ; fertile bracts 6 mm. long, deltoid, acuminate-subulate, white
with a medium-fine dark brown nerve ; perianth white, 18 mm. long, the
cylindrical-triangular base 5 mm. diam., gradually constricted to 34
mm. above, ascending, - curved; upper segments obtuse, channelled,
face colour of the 2 outer ones white with a fine greenish-brown nerve,
recurved, -- spreading, face colour of the inner one dull white at tip,
light brown below, with a medium-fine greenish-brown nerve, only slightly
recurved ; lower segments obtuse, channelled, face colour of the 2 outer
ones dull white at tip, light brown below, with a medium-fine green
nerve, very recurved, spreading, face culour of the inner one white with
a fine greenish-brown nerve, revolute ; stamens 5$ and 63 mm. long ;
ovary 34 mm. long, 1? mm. diam., light green ; style ? mm. long, white,
bent, capitate. .

Habitat : Cape Province; Willowmore District. (Type, G. G. Smith
3433, in East London Museum Herb.; co-type in Nat. Bot. Gdns.,
Kirstenbosch.)

Distribution : not further known.

This distinctive species is described from plants collected by Mr. M..
Malherbe (No. 5), and sent to the Author in July, 1940. In shape and habit
it is nearest to H. retusa Haw., but is readily distinguishable by its colour
and the very distinct reticulate lines on the end-area. I have much ~
pleasure in naming this beautifully marked plant in honour of Prof.
R. H. Compton, Director of the National Botanic Gardens, Kirstenbosch.

Prater XI.

H. viscosa var. viridissima. H. viscosa var. cougensis.
H. asperiuscula var. sub-integra. H. Dekenahii var. argenteo-maculosa.

—————————————SS —

“pUupiuUojduiog “A “pINnyaq “Lea Wpwoniwiay ~H
“1UaAZQ ~H “pywajop.qoabuo) ~ Hy

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE INFLORE-
SCENCE IN FOUR SPECIES OF SCHOENOXI-
PHIUM AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN RELATION
TO CAREX AND ITS ALLIES.

By Marcaret R. Levyns.

The genus Schoenoxiphium was established by Nees von Esenbeck
in 1832 (Linnaea VII, p. 531). The type species he named Schoenoxiphium
capense, but as this species had already been called Schoenus lanceus
by Thunberg (Prod. Pl. Cap., p. 17, 1794) the older epithet lanceus
must be retained. The combination Schoenoxiphium lanceum was made
by Kiikenthal in 1909 (Das Pflanzenreich IV, 20, p. 28). This species is
common in shady ravines on Table Mountain and is one of the species
to be discussed.

In 1836 Nees (Linnaea X, p. 200) added three further species to
Schoenoxiphium, two of which S. Ecklon and S. Thunbergii occur on
the Cape Peninsula on open bushy slopes. Since then these species have
suffered various vicissitudes both as regards names and status, so it is
desirable at this point to give reasons for adopting Nees’ original names.
S. Thunbergii is very common on the slopes around Lion’s Head and is
the only species occurring there. It also occurs on Devil’s Peak. These
localities are cited by Nees, so although his description is not full enough
for complete certainty, the localities indicate clearly the particular
species to which he referred. Clarke in 1883 retained this plant as S.
Thunbergii (On Hemicarex and its allies. Journ. Linn. Soc. XX, p.
374), but later in Flora Capensis VII (1898) he changed his mind and
placed it in Carex. As the name Carex Thunbergii was occupied he named
it Carex bisexuals. In 1909 Kiikenthal returned it to Schoenoxiphium
as a variety of S. Hckloni under the name S. Ecklonii var. unisexuale.
The result of the present investigation makes it clear that the plant differs
from S. Ecklonii in so many features that its claim to specific rank
cannot be disputed and it thus reverts to the original name given to it
by Nees.

S. Ecklonii is a widespread species in the Cape Province. The localities
cited for it by Nees are all in the eastern part of the Province and it is
probable that the early plant collectors did not find it on the Cape
Peninsula where it occurs in more inaccessible places than the super-

80 The Journal of South African Botany.

ficially similar S. Thunbergi. It is a common plant on the slopes of
Karbonkelberg near Hout Bay and occurs rather infrequently in scattered
localities over the whole peninsula.

The fourth species with which this paper is concerned is S.
Lehmann (Nees) Steud., a slender plant growing in similar situations
to S. lanceum but much less common. It was originally described by
Nees as a species of Uncinia. Kunth (Enum. PI. IT, p. 528, 1837) retained
it in Uncinia but remarked that it seemed to be more like Schoenoxi-
phium to which genus Steudel (Syn. Pl. Glum. IT, p. 245, 1855) eventually
assigned it. Clarke (Flora Capensis VII, p. 304) named it Carex
esenbeckiana Boeck. while Kitikenthal a few years later reduced it to
varietal rank under the name Schoenoxiphium spartewm var. Lehmannii.
A complete revision of Schoenoxiphium may show that this plant is too
close to S. sparteum to merit separate specific rank. The writer’s
experience has led her to endorse Clark e’sremarks on the difficulties
which this genus presents to workers on dried herbarium material.
Delicate structures which are clearly discernible in fresh material are
easily overlooked in dried specimens. Until a revision based on fresh
material can be undertaken it seems best to treat the plant as a distinct
species, a procedure which is adopted here.

_ All workers on the Caricoideae have found difficulty in placing the
boundaries of the genera. That this is true of Schoenoxiphium will
be obvious even from the histories given in the previous paragraphs of
the four species under discussion. Nees, the founder of the genus,
separated it from Carex on the presence of an axis within the sheathing
bract (utricle) of the female flower, whereas according to his definition
Carex lacked this enclosed axis. Later when it became obvious that some
species generally accepted as belonging to Carex, had a small axis within
the utricle, Nees’ original definition was clearly inadequate and other
distinguishing features were sought. Later authors tended to make use
of the utricle. Thus Clarke in the Flora Capensis retained in Schoe-
noxiphium only those species in which the utricle is deeply split down one
side and placed the rest in Carex. Kikenthal, too, in his monograph
of the Caricoideae stressed the incompletely closed utricle of Schoen-
oxiphium as opposed to the closed utricle of Carex. However, his con-
ception of the genus was somewhat different from that of Clarke and he
returned to Schoenoxiphium many of the species transferred to Carex
by Clarke. As a result of the present investigation it will be seen that the
utricle which was stressed by both these authors is an extremely variable
structure even in a single inflorescence. It must therefore be used as a
diagnostic character with extreme caution. “The wheel is come full
circle’ and we find ourselves back at the point from which Nees started,

A Comparative Study of the Inflorescence in Four Species of 81
Schoenoxiphium and its Significance in Relation to Carex and its Allies.

with the most significant difference between the two genera being the
flattened axis within the utricle in the case of Schoenoxiphium.

Many facts not recorded in previous accounts of these species have
been discovered as a result of intensive studies of fresh material. The
object of this paper is therefore to give a comparative account of the
inflorescences of these four species. Light is thrown on evolution in
the Caricoideae and the results are in consequence of more than local
interest.

The inflorescence is racemose,. consisting of a main axis bearing
leafy bracts which may or may not have a closed sheath. In the axils
of these leafy bracts secondary axes occur which may be elongated as
in S. lanceum or compact as in S. Hcklonii and S. Thunbergu. In VS.
Lehmannii the lateral branches are somewhat lax and few-flowered.
If the lowest secondary axis occur low on the main axis it may be some-
what reduced, but with this exception it is generally true that the lower
secondary axes are the best developed and a gradual reduction in com-
plexity occurs towards the apex of the main axis. All the secondary
axes analysed in this paper were vigorous and taken from the lower half
of the whole inflorescence.

S. Ecklonii.

The sheath of the leafy bracts on the main axis may be closed for a
considerable distance at the base of the inflorescence in well developed
specimens but the sheath is gradually reduced until in the uppermost
bracts no sheath at all is found. Fig. 1 A is a diagrammatic representa-
tion of a well developed secondary axis, with all the internodes consider-
ably elongated. At the base is a sheathing bract. If the secondary axis
happen to arise in the axil of a leafy bract with a well developed sheath,
this sheathing bract is exceedingly delicate in texture, closed almost
to the top and completely hidden. In such cases it is easily overlooked
and in dried material is almost impossible to see. In the upper part of
the whole inflorescence the leafy bract has‘a reduced sheath or none,
and in such cases the sheathing bract at the base of the secondary axis
_ is firm and only closed in its lower half (Fig. 2A, B.) While in the lower
part of the whole inflorescence the sheathing bract at the base of each
secondary axis is sterile, in the upper part it encloses a female flower
as well as the axis. The secondary axis grows through the sheathing
bract and bears along its length bracts of the type shown in Fig. 2 C.
The structures arising in the axils of these bracts are inflorescences
(either compound or simple) in the lower part, and male flowers towards
the apex. These are shown diagramatically in Fig. 1 A. It will be noted

82 The Journal of South African Botany.

See opposite. —

A Comparative Study of the Inflorescence in Four Species of 83
Schoenoxiphium and its Significance in Relation to Carex and its Allies.

Fic. 2. S. Ecklonii : A. Back view of a sterile utricle at the base of a secondary
axis; B. Front view of the same; C. One of the bracts arising on the secondary
axis; D. Back view of one of the first fertile utricles to be borne on a secondary
axis; E. Front view of the same ; F. Back view of an upper fertile utricle on
a secondary axis; G. Front view of the same; H. Female flower and flattened
ae bearing male flowers from within the utricle shown in F and G.

All x 3.

4

ee ee ae

Fie. 1. A. Diagram showing the structure of a secondary axis in S. Kcklonit.
In this and in Figs. B, C, D, H, symbols are used to denote male and female
flowers. Utricles are shaded and all internodes are elongated.

B. Diagram of a secondary axis in S. lanceum.

C. Diagram of a secondary axis in S. Thunbergi.

D. Diagram of a secondary axis in S. Lehmannii.

E. Diagram of the base of a vigorous secondary axis in Carex clavata.

—

84 The Journal of South African Botany.

that at the base of each of the tertiary axes a sheathing bract occurs
similar to that at the base of the secondary axis. In the two lowest
tertiary axes the sheathing bract contains nothing but an axis, but in
the third from the base and all subsequent to that a female flower occurs
within the sheathing bract on the side nearest the secondary axis. Bracts
are borne on the tertiary axes similar to those borne on the secondary
but becoming progressively smaller. On the two lowest tertiary axes
the first ordinary bract bears in its axil a sheathing bract within which
is a single female flower and a reduced axis bearing sterile bracts at the
apex. Apart from these two axes the others bear male flowers only in
the axils of their bracts. From the diagram it is clear that in this species
the female flower is always borne within a sheathing bract, accompanied
by an axis which normally bears one to several male flowers at its tip.
The only exception to this is the one noted above. However, in a par-
ticularly vigorous specimen examined, male flowers were developed
on the quaternary axes as well. In less vigorous inflorescences the first
tertiary axis may proceed directly from the basal empty sheathing bract
to bracts bearing male flowers. In other cases the two tertiary axes
of the type shown at the base of the secondary axis may be omitted.

The sheathing bract which invariably occurs at the base of each
lateral axis, whatever its position, shows a considerable range of form.
Fig. 2 A, B show back and front views of a sterile sheathing bract at the
base of a secondary axis. One of the lowest fertile sheathing bracts,
such as that at the third node in Fig. 1 A, is depicted in Fig. 2 D;-E.
Fig. 2 F, G give corresponding views of the most common type of sheathing
bract, found in the upper part of the inflorescence. Fig. 2 H shows the
female flower and male axis within this type of bract. It will be seen
that whereas the basal sheathing bracts are split more than half-way
down at the front, the bracts higher up the inflorescence are open in
front for a short distance only. It is obvious that such a variable feature
as this cannot be made a matter of primary importance in distinguishing
genera. From a comparative study of the inflorescence as a whole it
becomes clear that the sheathing bract, whether it contains a female
flower or not, is the morphological equivalent of a utricle. Consequently
in future descriptions given here the term utricle will be used in this
extended sense for sheathing bracts of this type.

S. lanceum.

This species is much larger than the others with which this paper
deals. Although superficially the inflorescence looks very unlike that of
S. Lcklonii owing to its elongated internodes, in reality it is built up:
on a very similar plan, though slightly more elaborate. As before, the

A Comparative Study of the Inflorescence in Four Species of 85
Schoenoxiphium and its Significance in Relation to Carex and its Allies.

main axis bears a number of leafy bracts in the axils of which secondary
axes arise. Hach secondary axis is sheathed at the base by a utricle
(Fig. 3 A) which in the lower part of the whole inflorescence is devoid of
a female flower but which higher up contains a female flower as well
as an axis (Fig. 3 B, C). Fig. 3 D shows the back view of a typical
utricle in the middle part of any axis. The tertiary axes are better de-
veloped in this species though they show exactly the same type of pro-
gressive simplification as the apex of the secondary axis is approached.
Fig. 1 B, which is a diagram of a secondary axis, will bring out the
differences between this species and S. Hcklonii. Every utricle, excluding
the basal, encloses a female flower though occasionally in the upper
part this may be abortive. All the quaternary axes bear male flowers,
whereas in S. Ecklonii this is exceptional. In general, however, the
fundamental plan is the same.

S. Thunbergii.

_ This species has only been recorded in the neighbourhood of Cape
Town while both the previous species have a fairly wide range within
the Cape Province. The chief significance of S. Thunbergii lies in the clear
indications it gives of the evolutionary trends within the Caricoideae
which ultimately culminated in Carex, the most highly specialised genus
in this sub-family. The inflorescence is much like that of S. Ecklonit.
Fig. 1 C shows a diagram constructed from a well developed secondary
axis. The same general features that have been described fully for S.
Ecklonii are present here but with one important difference. Of the
tertiary axes only the lower ones bear male flowers. In the majority
of cases the tertiary axis, which is not unlike that of S. Ecklonii, remains
hidden within the utricle and merely bears one or two reduced bracts
at the apex. Viewed from without, this type of utricle might well belong
to a species of Carex as it is completely closed and has two lateral tooth-
like processes at its tip (Fig. 3 H, J). With the removal of the utricle
the conspicuous, flattened tertiary axis is easily seen (Fig. 3 K). All
utricles are not of this type. Fig. 3, G shows the form it assumes when
the axis extends through the utricle and bears male flowers. Fig. 3 E,
F show the broad, wide-mouthed type which is found at the base of
the secondary axis.

S. Lehmannii.

This species is confined to Sheltered places in ravines on the eastern
side of Table Mountain. The lateral inflorescences occur in the axils
of somewhat distant leafy bracts much as in S. Jancewm, but in all other

86 The Journal of South African Botany.

respects the two species are dissimilar. S. Lehmannw is a much smaller
plant, has relatively few flowers on each lateral axis and simple andro-
gynous inflorescences are rare. Fig. 1 D is a diagram of a well developed
secondary axis. A peculiarity of this species lies in the marked intervals
of time that occur between the maturation of the flowers on successive
axes of any one lateral inflorescence. Thus in an inflorescence such as
that shown in the diagram if the flowers borne directly on the principal
axis were fully developed, then those on the two basal lateral axes would
be immature. On the single axis of a still lower degree the flowers would
be so immature that their parts could only just be made out. Frequently
when these youngest flowers reach maturity all that is left of the first
formed flowers are scars on the axis. No attempt is made in the diagram
to indicate the relative ages of the flowers on the different axes.

In the upper part of the whole inflorescence the lateral axes are rather
less well developed than in the example illustrated in Fig. 1 D. In most
cases only the basa! lateral axis bears more than one flower and it may
be much more reduced than those shown in the diagram. The basal
utricle in such cases may contain a female flower and the axis enclosed
by the utricle and growing beyond it, bear a few male flowers. Such
simple androgynous inflorescences, however, are much Jess common
in this species than in the first three. Most of the female flowers are
borne within a closed utricle which narrows to a pronounced neck (Fig.
3 L). The axis arising within the utricle is exserted and bears one or
two minute sterile bracts at the apex.

THE STATUS OF SCHOENOXIPHIUM 'THUNBERGII.

A comparison of the diagrams and figures of S. Hceklonw and S.
Thunbergii makes it quite clear that they are two distinct species. The
inflorescence, the utricle and the ovary all provide easy means of
separating them. In vegetative habit, too, they are different. S.
Ecklon has long stolons which extend for some distance from the
parent plant so that new growths do not arise close to the old, whereas
S. Thunberqu has very short lateral underground branches which result
in a tufted habit.

Discussion.

The nature of the utricle is clearly demonstrated in these species
of Schoenoxiphium. On lateral axes of all degrees the lowest bract is
always united by its edges to form a sheath through which the axis
continues. The degree of union is variable not only in the different
species but also on different parts of the same inflorescence. In the
majority of cases a female flower arises in the axil of this bract or utricle,
though towards the base of the secondary and tertiary axes a flower in

A Comparative Study of the I nflorescence im Four Species of 87
Schoenoxiphium and its Significance in Relation to Carex and its Allies.

Fic. 3. A—D. S.lanceum: A. Sterile utricle sheathing the base of the secondary
axis; B. Back view of the first fertile utricle ; C. Front view of the same ;
D. Back view of a typical utricle. In the specimen drawn the opening
* down the front extended to the level of the arrows. The degree of opening
is somewhat variable. .

E—K. S. Thunbergii : E. Back view of a sterile utricle at the base of a secondary
axis; F. Front view of the same; G. Utricle and its subtending bract
from the third node in Fig. 1C; H. Utricle of an upper flower with its
subtending bract, side view; J. The same, front view; K. Female
flower and flattened axis with the utricle removed.

L. Schoenoxiphium Lehmannii. Female flower with utricle and subténding
bract ; the axis seen protruding through the mouth of the utricle.

M. Carex aethiopica. Female flower and subtending bract, half the utricle
removed ; showing the minute axis at the base of the ovary.

A—K. x 3; L, M. x 10.°

88 The Journal of South African Botany.

this position may be lacking. A comparison, however, of successive
lateral branches from the same inflorescence makes it clear that it is
largely a matter of position and vigour which determines whether a
female flower will develop or not. In vigorous lateral axes near the
base of the inflorescence some empty utricles are always found, whereas
in less well developed axes near the base in stunted plants and in the
upper axes of all specimens, every utricle contains a female flower.
The male flowers, too, are quite consistent in their positions. They
occur in the axils of normal bracts towards the apices of axes of any
order. The minor axes show a strong tendency to lose the capacity for
producing male flowers, a feature clearly seen in S. T'’hunbergu where
the male flowers are largely confined to the apices of the primary and
secondary axes.

This process is carried to its logical conclusion in Carex where the
male flowers with few exceptions arise towards the apices of the primary
and secondary axes. The upper inflorescences are wholly male, the
lower either female in the lower part and male at the tip, or female |
throughout. The South African species of Carex examined have no
obvious axis within the utricle, but species occur in the northern hemis-
phere in which a small but easily recognised axis is present. However,
it is never a large flattened structure such as characterises Schoen-
oxiphium.

Schoenoxiphium is usually regarded as a primitive member of the
sub-family Caricoideae and the observations recorded here strengthen
that view. As a matter of interest three local species of Carex were
examined in order to compare their inflorescences with those of Schoen-
oxiphium. These species were C. aethiopica Schkuhr, C. clavata Thunb.
and ©. Ecklonii Nees. All showed agreement in general features of the
inflorescence. Each secondary axis is sheathed at its base by a sterile
utricle. When the secondary axis is concealed for some distance by the
sheathing base of the leafy subtending bract, the utricle is a delicate
translucent sheath wholly devoid of colour. Towards the upper part of
each whole inflorescence the sheath of the subtending bract becomes
shorter and at the same time the utricle becomes firmer and gradually
assumes a green tinge.

In vigorous specimens of C. clavata many of the lower female in-
florescences are compound at the base. The sequence of structures in
such cases is shown in Fig. 1 E which is a diagrammatic representation
of the lower part of a female inflorescence of this type, constructed on
similar lines to those given for Schoenoxiphium. In the axils of the four
lowest bracts utricles are seen enclosing a female flower. An axis bearing
fertile bracts continues through it. A comparison of this diagram and

A Comparative Study of the Inflorescence in Four Species of 89
Schoenoxiphium and its Significance in Relation to Carex and its Allies.

that given for S. lancewm (Fig. 1 B) shows that the two inflorescences
are based on the same general plan. The chief difference lies in the
much greater length to which reduction of the lateral axes has been carried
in Carex. The fifth and sixth bracts in the diagram subtend a female
flcwer and a reduced axis surrounded by a utricle. Fig. 3 M illustrates
such an axis in C. aethiopica. Every utricle above this level contains a
female flower oniy, the type of structure regarded as typical of Carex.
As in Schoenoxiphium the shape of the utricle varies with its position
and according to the structures enclosed by it. The sterile basal utricles
are delicate in texture and cylindrical in form. Those bearing a female
flower and a fertile axis are firm and broad with a wide opening through
which the axis passes. Al] subsequent utricles are much narrowed at the
apex leaving only a small opening through which the style passes. These
observations show that Carex and Schoenoxiphium agree closely in their
fundamental plan. The evolutionary trends clearly discernible in Schoen-
oxiphium are carried to extreme lengths in Carex which taken by itself
has many features not easily interpreted. It is interesting to note that
as long ago as 1873 Bentham suggested that light might be shed on the
morphology of the utricle by a more detailed knowledge of Schoen-
oxiphium. The knowledge now available justifies Bentham’s belief.

The new facts recorded in this paper lead one to question the use
of the term spikelet for members of the subfamily Caricoideae. The
spikelet is generally accepted as the unit of inflorescence in Gramineae
and Cyperaceae. While this is true of Gramineae it has been proved
that the so-called spikelets of Cyperaceae are not all of the same nature.
In Scirpoideae true spikelets are found, comparable with those of
xramineae. In Rhynchosporoideae the small inflorescences are cymose
and therefore are not true spikelets. However, externally they cannot
be distinguished from genuine spikelets and as a matter of practical
convenience they will probably continue to be called spikelets. In
Caricoideae, however, while the inflorescence is racemose throughout
there is no simple unit such as a spikelet. Schoenoxiphium provides
a key to the understanding of the inflorescence of this subfamily. Species
such as S.lanceum and S. Hcklonii demonstrate clearly that each secondary
axis, though highly complicated, is a complete unit in itself and cannot
be resolved into still smaller units which would serve a useful purpose.
As Carex is derived from an inflorescence of this type by reduction, the
use of the term spikelet in the subfamily is undesirable.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.
My thanks are due to Dr. L. Bolus for permission to use the library
and collections housed in the Bolus Herbarium.

REVIEWS AND ABSTRACTS.

T. M. Satrer. The Genus Oxalis in South Africa. Journ. S.Af. Bot.,
Suppl. Vol. No. 1. Cape Town, Cape Times Ltd. 1944. 35/-

Southern Africa with its unique and interesting flora has for over
two hundred years attracted the attention of botanists in Europe and
this is reflected in the numerous descriptions and figures of Cape plants
scattered about in publications of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
The standard scientific account of this flora, the Flora Capensis, was
begun by Harvey and Sonder in 1859 and was subsequently completed
under the aegis of the authorities at Kew, in 1933. Most of the work
was carried out on dried material in European herbaria and in the
earlier volumes, at any rate, on limited numbers of specimens. Further-
more, the majority of contributors had never been in South Africa.
It is not surprising therefore that any botanist who attempts a serious
study of a taxonomic problem in South Africa to-day, finds that
systematic botany here is still in its infancy. To put it in other words,
the authors of the Flora Capensis sketched in the outlines and it remains
for us and those who come after us to fill in the details. Since the
publication of the Flora Capensis vast numbers of specimens have been
added to those of the older collectors, and the principal herbaria are
stacked with material awaiting intensive study.

The publication of this monograph dealing with the large genus
Oxalis is an important event, for here we find the old method of relying
entirely on dried material in herbaria superseded by one in which
emphasis is placed on the living plant. The author in the course of his
investigation, which took over eleven years, travelled 40,000 miles and
thus gained a real insight into the distribution of the genus and the
inter-relationships of those elusive realities, the species. A significant
fact is that as a result of this intensive work the total number of species
has been reduced and not increased as might have been expected. When
the research was started the number of known species was 311. Now
we find the total is 208. Many of the 311 species had been described
from poor or incomplete material and the present study has shown
that a number of them belonged to species already in existence when
they were first published. This reduces the number somewhat, but,
as the author has himself added 65 new species, the reason for the total
reduction in number has still to be sought. This lies mainly in the

92 The Journal of South African Botany.

creation of what the author terms group species and the resultant
sinking of a large number of previously recognised species. -

As long as a taxonomist, however gifted, confines his attention to
dried herbarium specimens he is bound to join the ranks of the “ splitters ”
and increase the number of species. Let him, however, go into the veld
and. study the plants in their natural habitats, and sooner or later he
will find himself drawn towards the “lumpers”. Specimens which
at first had seemed to belong to well-defined species turn out to be
members of a closely linked group, and the distinctions which appeared
to be valid now become blurred as a bewildering array of intermediate
forms is revealed. The majority of species witbin a large genus are
simple and capable of definition but the presence of occasional group
species is one of the most baffling problems of taxonomy and evolution.
In better known floras of the northern hemisphere such group species
are divided into subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms and so on
and names or symbols are given to each. In South Africa, as the author
rightly contends, far too little is known about these group species to
make subdivisions of this kind either profitable or desirable. Such group
species offer tempting lines of research for the geneticist and cytologist,
and one of the most stimulating features of this monograph is that it
opens up so many lines of research.

The difficuities encountered by the author in the course of the work
were considerable. The flowers of Oxalis are extremely delicate and
evanescent, so that in the preparation of dried specimens they had to
be pressed with extreme care in the field. For further study, flowers
were preserved in alcohol as many of the finer details of structure are
lost in the dried specimen and cannot be revived. Then, too, as the
author has shown, the bulb is an important diagnostic feature and as it
is frequently deeply buried in hard ground, its extraction still attached
to the aerial part of the plant is a laborious undertaking. Anyone familiar
with the hard stony ground which is characteristic of the arid parts of
South Africa will appreciate the patience that had to be exercised to
obtain full and accurate data for this work. Much of the information
contained in this monograph is new and it is difficult to single out special
features for comment. Perhaps one of the most important discoveries
is that both exendospermous and endospermous seeds are common within
the genus and that this seed character is of phylogenetic significance.
The recognition of the importance of the bulb is another valuable con-
tribution. The author comments on the structure, life-cycle and
multiplication of the bulbs in certain species and from his remarks it
becomes apparent that here lies a wide field for future study.

The Journal of South African Botany is to be congratulated on the

Reviews and Abstracts. 93

excellence of this its first large-scale taxonomic revision. All features
so essential to work of this kind are here: great care and patience in
the collecting of data, critical study and, finally, clear and accurate
recording of the results. The good keys to the species will be welcomed
by all who take up the study of this fascinating and puzzling genus.
Botany in South Africa owes Captain Salter a debt of gratitude for this
wholly admira' le monograph.
M. R. Levyns.

CHARLES A. Brown. A Source Book of Agricultural Chemistry. Pp.
x + 290 + 1 plate. Waltham, Mass., U.S.A., The Chronica
Botanica Co. (Chronica Botanica, Vol. 8, No. 1). Johannesburg,
Juta & Co. 1944. $5-00.

Although this is primarily a source book, the commentary is by no
means inconsiderable and in some cases it tends to rival or exceed in
amount the quotations from the published works dealt with and the
formal treatment of their scope and contents. Excerpts are given from
the works of each writer (with the exception of Hermbstidt) and the
various editions and translations of their relevant writings are listed.
For most writers there is appended a list of references, some of which
contain references other than original sources. In addition to quotations,
the scope of certain books is given, such as the relevant works of Einhof
and Thaer, Davy, Schiibler and Chaptal. There is a formal account
of the contents of Gyllenborg’s dissertation, prepared under the direction
of Wallerius ; of Liebig’s treatise on organic chemistry and its applica-
tions to agriculture and physiology ; and of de Saussure’s ** Recherches
chimiques sur la végétation ”’, abstracts of each chapter of which are
given. Following subject and author indexes, the book ends with an
addendum on references to the history of agricultural chemistry from
1840 to 1940 as well as brief comments on various methods of treating
the history of chemistry.

In the introduction, the scope of the term “ agricultural chemistry ”
is considered. A strict definition is difficult and the phrase has been
variously used. The writings dealt with approach, from a chemical
angle, problems of soil in relation to crops; chemical aspects of meta-
bolism, especially plant nutrition ; and the utilisation of raw agricultural
materials in the making of products prepared on the farm. Considerable
attention is also given to fundamental aspects which on a stricter con-
sideration belong to the history of chemistry proper, as is the case for
example with Cavendish and Lavoisier. Fundamental work relating

¢

94 The Journal of South African Botany.

to respiration and photosynthesis is dealt with. The agricultural writings
examined show much variety and include not only original contribu-
tions, but writings illustrating the practices and ideas of a period or
summarising previous knowledge. Except for Lavoisier’s speculations
on the energy relationships of human activities in relation to respiration
and Liebig’s writings, animal metabolism receives at best only passing
mention. Subjects somewhat less closely related to agricultural chemistry
receive some attention as is instanced by the account given of the
experiments of Stephen Hales on the ascent of sap in plants.

The first group of writers dealt with (Chap. I) indicates the state of
scientific speculation, technical methods and empirical practices of the
ancient world. The necessity of giving some account of such speculations
as the doctrine of the four elements and four qualities, the trans-
mutation of these elements into one another and the atomic theory of
Democritus becomes clear in subsequent chapters. Some of these views
in one form or another continued to influence scientifie thought until
the nineteenth century. Thus it was not until 1842 that Wiegmann
and Polstorff finally disposed of any lingering tendencies to regard the
plant as obtaining its mineral constituents (“earth”) by the trans-
mutation of water. A detailed account of the crucial experiments of
Wiegmann and Polstorff is given (pp. 223-224).

In the sixteenth and earlier seventeenth centuries (Chap. II) in
_addition to Greek conceptions, ideas, attitudes of mind and _ super-
stitious lore derived from medieval culture were prominent in such
writers as Paracelsus and Glauber. But alongside these we find writers
such as Francis Bacon, Palissy and Angelo Sala who are remarkably
free from obsolete medieval crudities. These medieval elements recede
increasingly to the background and at first other Greek speculations
become more prominent, especially the atomic theory of Democritus
(Chap. III). A growing appreciation of quantitative considerations is
evident. The researches of Cavendish on the relative densities of gases
and his synthesis of water, laid the foundation for the final rejection of
the doctrine of an elementary air and of the elementary nature of water
(Chap. V) but Cavendish did not himself take this step. The importance
of quantitative considerations obtained conscious expression in the
investigations of Lavoisier. He established the balance as the central
instrument of chemical investigation and emphasised that “... an
equal quantity of matter exists both before and after the experiment ;

. and nothing takes place beyond changes and modifications in the
combinations of these elements” (p. 170). Meanwhile we see the
beginnings of the phlogiston doctrine (Chap. IV) and Dr. Brown shows
how the domination of such a doctrine prevented in many cases a true

Reviews and Abstracts. 95

understanding of the facts elicited and yet allowed a brilliant gallaxy
of men to achieve much in spite of faulty theory (Chap. V). In this
connection as in others (Mayow and Ingen-Housz) Brown emphasises
the ease of attributing to older writers a clearer understanding of a
sequence of facts than they actually possessed unless we bear in mind
the conceptions which formed’ their intellectual background. The last
chapter ends with Liebig who consolidated the more specialised field of
agricultural chemistry although it was left to Boussingault to transfer
investigation “.. . from the laboratory to the field and stable...”
(p. 239) thus emphasising the more purely experimental as opposed. to
the analytical approach of Liebig.

Interesting light is thrown on a number of matters which are often
glossed over or omitted from historical treatments. Thus, while Grew’s
standing as a plant anatomist is generally known, his considerable work
on the ash constituents and colours of plants is not so widely recognised
since the botanical title of his book has caused chemists to overlook it.
Incidentally, it is interesting to find Grew such a confirmed “ mechanist ”
as to attempt to account for plant structures in terms of chainlike com-
binations of the crystals of different salts while more exclusively chemical
investigators such as Glauber and Stahl introduced vitalistic explana-
tions in dealing with such physiological functions as digestion. The
neglect of Carl S. Sprengel, who has been confused with Kurt Sprengel
the botanist, is dealt with. Although Carl Sprengel soon became dis-
credited because of his peculiar vitalism of “ life atoms ” yet he antici-
pated Liebig in apprehending the conception involved in the law of
minimum, in his rejection of the humus theory of nutrition and in his
doctrine of mineral fertilizers. Brown points out that claims have been
made for Liebig which cannot be sustained on more careful enquiry
and this has been indicated to some extent above. To quote from the
Preface of the book under review: “ It has been too often overlooked
that in his ‘ Organic Chemistry in its Applications to Agriculture and
Physiology’ Liebig was more a promulgator and defender of truths
that had already been announced than a discoverer of new knowledge ”’.

In one respect this book would seem to be incomplete. The opening
chapter substantially ends with the first century of the Christian era
and the second chapter opens with the early sixteenth century. In
classical antiquity the appeal to experiment was limited and was used
to confirm a theory rather than as a means of attaining new knowledge
and in spite of certain activities, experimentation concerned with
practical issues was not regarded as befitting a philosopher. The writers
dealt with in the second chapter are drawn from all walks of life and
include not only Francis Bacon and van Helmont but also the crafts-

ee

96 The Journal of South African Botany.

man Palissy. These men, in spite of marked differences, clearly accepted
experimentation as a means to knowledge and recognised the value of
establishing useful knowledge which was also a prominent objective of
the newly formed Royal Society. Although the book under review is
primarily a source book of agricultural chemistry, its value would have
been enhanced .by the inclusion of an interlude or a short additional
chapter dealing with these contrasts of outlook.

To give an adequate idea of the wealth of material in a source
book of this kind is impossible in a short review unless it be reduced to
a mere tabulation. Apart from the development of ideas and knowledge
in relation to specific subjects, the material presented is of considerable
general interest in relation to the emergence of our present scientific
outlook and method of approach. In conclusion, the reviewer feels that
we are indebted to Dr. Brown for making available to us so much
interesting and valuable material, some of which has a quaint charm
and fascination.

Wm. Epwyn Isaac.

THomas Yort Hum AnD RosBeErtson Pratr: The Hottentot Fig as
a possible commercial source of tannin. Plant Physiology, Vol.
19, No. 2, pp. 384-6. 1944.

Of interest to South African botanists should be the results of a recent
investigation on the tannin content of the Hottentot Fig, Mesembry-
anthemum edule L. The plant, which is indigenous to South Africa,
is widely distributed in sandy and rocky regions of the Central and
Northern California coasts. Two workers, T. Y. Hum and R. Pratt,
of the College of Pharmacy of the University of California, San Francisco,
consider that M. edule is potentially a good source of tannins of the
catechol or phlobotannin type.

The leaves were found to contain 19-4 per cent., stems 14-2 per cent.
and combined leaves and stems 17-1 per cent. of tannin on the dry
basis. Average stands of the plant in California, it is estimated, should
yield 1,500 pounds of tannin per acre.

This tannin could be used in the manufacture of leather, yielding
leathers without bloom ; and it is probable that in conjunction with
other tannins or materials, different classes of leather could be produced.

The sap and aqueous extract of the leaves were found to possess
slight bacteriostatic activity when tested by ordinary bacteriolcgical
methods with: Staphylococcus awreus used as a test organism. The
authors think that the mild antiseptic properties and the great astringency

¥

Reviews and Abstracts. 97

of the sap present a useful therapeutic combination, and suggest that
the sap or the crushed leaves of M. edule could be used as an emergency
application in the treatment of burns and minor cuts.

H. WEINMANN.

P. J. GREENWAY. Origins of Some East. African Food Plants. Reprinted
from the East African Agricultural Journal. 1944.

This pamphlet gives in a small space a remarkable amount of infor-
mation about the origins of many well-known food plants. The author,
who is Systematic Botanist at the Hast African Agricultural Research
Institute at Amani, has been at great pains to gather together and to
present in a very readable manner the history of a considerable number
of plants used as food in East Africa, a subject on which most people,
to whom the plants are otherwise well known, are usually very badly
informed.

It is interesting to note how many of these plants come from the
Kast, their original home being Asiatic or Pacific. Even those of American
origin seem to have been introduced, in many cases, via the East.
No doubt the Spaniards were responsible for bringing many American
plants of economic importance, as well as weeds now firmly established
in the Far East, across the Pacific to the Philippines in the days of the
Agapulco galleons. In contrast the plants of African origin are relatively
few.

M. R. HENDERSON.

ERRATA,
Notes on Burchell’s Catalogus Geographicus in vol. X.
p. 145, line 6, for interpretation read interpretations.
p- 157, line 1, for MSS. read MS.

p- 160, line 14, for 430 read 289.
p- 160, line 16, for 890 read 799.

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JOURNAL
OF
SOUTH AFRICAN BOTANY

VOLUME XI.

PLANTAE NOVAE AFRICANAE.

“Ex Africa semper aliquid novi.’”—Pliny.

SERIES XXIV.
By

Miss L. CarprrinpALL, Proressor R. H. Compton, Dr. R. A. Dyer,
Mr. M. R. Henperson, Miss P. Kius, Miss F. M. Letcuron, Miss
G. J. Lewis anp Miss I. C. VERDOORN.

Agapanthus patens Leighton. (Liliaceae).

Planta alt. 60—90 cm. Folia 7—11, decidua, glauca, lat. 10—20
mm., long. 25—40 cm., in apicem acutum vel subacutum angustata,
basi attenuata. Pedunculus erectus ; spathae obtusae ; pedicelli 25—30,
patentes, long. 2—3 cm. Perianthium caeruleum, vittis saturatioribus,
intus albidum, long. 20—25 mm., tubo long. 6—8 mm., segmentis
patentibus demum reflexis, apice obtuso, exterioribus long. 14—17 mm.,
lat. 6—8 mm., interioribus long. 13—I6 mm., lat. 6—9 mm. Filamenta
exserta, declinata, perianthio breviora. Ovariwm oblongum long. 5—7
mm., stylo long. 9—11 mm.

Plants 60—90 cm. high, sometimes more in cultivation. Leaves 7—11
in each shoot produced from the rhizome, glaucous, deciduous, 25—40
em. long, 10—20 mm. broad, tapering a little to the base and to the
acute or subacute apex. Inflorescence 25—30-flowered but sometimes more
in cultivation, buds erect, pedicels of open flowers spreading. Perianth
sky-blue, whitish on the inside with a deeper blue median stripe ; seg-

100 The Journal of South African Botany.

ments spreading widely and finally reflexing a little, apex obtuse often
emarginate in the three inner segments. Stamens declinate, shorter
than the perianth. Ovary oblong slightly pointed at the apex but be-
coming more or less rounded as the fruit develops. Capsule triquetrous
with black winged seeds. Fl. Jan.-Feb.

Hab. Orange Free State. Ladybrand Div.: Clocolan, Miss A. F.
Joubert, Nat. Bot. Gdns. 1959/30 (Type, in Bolus Herb. and Herb.
Nat. Bot. Gdns). MHarrismith Div.: Platberg, Putterill, Nat. Herb.,
Pretoria 27351. Without locality 7’. Cooper 3270. Basutoland. Mamathus,
A. Jacot Guillarmod, Nat. Herb., Pretoria 27350. Leribe, A. Dieterlen
385. Transvaal, Rhebokkop, Rosendal, Goossens 1890; Heidelberg,
Leendertz 1065.

IN | |
ee
VA 3

2

Fie. 1. 1. Agapanthus patens. 2. A. gracilis. 3. A. campanulatus. All nat.
size.

[(F

Forma f.
A typica differt, foliis angustioribus, glaucioribus, pedicellis
brevioribus, ovario apice truncato.

Hab. Orange Free State. Ficksburg, Fawkes 75 (Nat. Bot. Gdns.
164/37). Natal, Estcourt, Carnegie, Nat. Bot. Gdns. 939/34. Bergville,
M. C. Gillett 1189. Cape Province, Griqualand Kast, Tyson 1767.

This species is very closely related to A. campanulatus Leighton,
but differs in the following respects :—
(1) The perianth tube in A. patens is shorter in relation to the total
length of the perianth.
(2) The perianth segments spread from the base.

Plantae Novae Africanae. 101

Agapanthus gracilis, Leighton.

Plania alt. ad 70 cm. Folia 7—49, linearia, subacuta, glabra,
canaliculata, per anthesin marcescentia, long. ad 60 cm., lat. ad 25 mm.
Pedunculus gracilis, erectus ; pedicelli 20—40, adscendentes vel patentes,
long. 3—6 em. Perianthium caeruleum, long. 30—40 mm., tubo long.
10—14 mm., segmentis leviter patentibus, apice recurvato, lat. exteriori-
bus 6—7 mm., interioribus 7—8 mm. Stamina subdeclinata, perianthio
6—8 mm. breviora. Ovarium ovoideum long. 7—10 mm., stylo brevi
demum staminis equilongo.

Plants 50—70 cm. high, sometimes more in cultivation. Leaves
7—9, linear, canaliculate, longer and narrower in the wild state than in
cultivation. Peduncle and pedicels slender, pedicels spreading or ascending,
often with a slight downward curve. Flowers sky-blue, segments spreading
but not widely, recurved a little at the apex. Stamens shorter than the
perianth segments. Ovary ovoid, style short but as long as the stamens
when mature. FJ. Jan.-Feb.

Hab. Natal, Zululand. Open grassland on top of the Ubombo—
Ingwavuma Range. Gerstner 3189 (Nat. Bot. Gdns. 186/39) (Type,
in Bolus Herb. and Herb. Nat. Bot. Gdns.).

This species has affinities with A. campanulatus, A. patens and A.
orientalis. It differs from A. campanulatus in having a relatively shorter
perianth tube and narrower perianth segments which spread more widely
and recurve at the apex. From A. patens it can be distinguished by the
narrower perianth segments which spread slightly in the upper half.
A. gracilis has deciduous leaves and is a more slender plant than A.
orientalis, with fewer flowers in the inflorescence.

Alloeochaete namuliensis L. Chippindall. (Gramineae-Aveneae).
Sp. nov., ab A. andongensi (Rendle) Hubbard, panicula late ovata,
spiculis minoribus distinguenda.

Gramen perenne caespitosum, ad 60 cm. altum. Culm erecti, simplices,
glabri, laeves. Foliorwm vaginae basales basi dense lanatae, in fibras
demun fissae ; ligulae ad seriem ciliorum minutorum redactae ; laminae
lineares, usque ad 45 em. lsngae et 6 mm. latae, planae, siccitate involutae.
Panicula late ovata, erecta, 13—14'5 em. longa, 10-5—11-5 cm. lata ;
rhachis minute scaberula; .rami fasciculati, patentes, sparse divisi,
inferiores usque ad 11 cm. longi; pedicelli laeves, inaequales. Spiculae
lanceolatae vel lanceolato-oblongae, 6—7 mm. longae (aristis exclusis)-

“

102 The Journal of South African Botany.

Glumae:inaequales, mucronatae vel breviter aristatae ; inferior lanceolato-
oblonga vel lanceolato-ovata, 3 mm. longa, 3—sub-5-nervis ; superior
elliptico-oblonga, 4 mm. longa, 3- vel 5-nervis. Anthoecia 4—6, e glumis
exserta ; infimum ovario imperfecto (?), cetera fertilia. Lemmata ovata
vel lanceolato-ovata, 5-nervia; infimum 4 mm. longum, glabrum,
minute vel distincte bifidum, inter lobos arista plerumque -recta, plus
raro geniculata, praeditum ; callus glaber; supera 4—4-5 mm. longa,
fasciculis pilorum alborum prope margines praedita, biloba, lobis acutis
setiferis, circiter 2 mm. longis; arista 5°5—8°5 mm. longa, columna
contorta, applanata; callus pilis albis dense barbatus. Palea (an-
thoeciorum omnium) oblanceolato-cuneata, lemmati plus minusve sub-
aequalis vel leviter longior. Lodiculae truncatae, glabrae. Antherae
2—3-3 mm. longae. Caryopsis (immatura) 2 mm. longa, lanceolato-
elliptica.

A densely tufted perennial with intravaginal innoyations. Culms
erect, 60 cm. high, slender, simple, few-noded, glabrous, smooth. Leaf-
sheaths striate, densely woolly at the base where they eventually break
up into fibres, otherwise glabrous except at the shortly bearded mouth,
coriaceous and shining, tightly clasping the culm ; ligule a densely ciliolate
rim ; blades linear from an equally wide or slightly narrower base, up
to 45 em. long and 6 mm. wide, tapering to a hard, pungent point, at
first flat, then involute, closely striate with an indistinct midrib, very
smooth, glabrous except for a densely pubescent region above the ligule
and a few fine, scattered hairs on the upper surface, eventually dis-
articulating from the sheaths. Panicle broadly ovate, erect, stiff, long
exserted from the uppermost sheath, 13—14-5 cm. long, 10-5—11-5
em. wide ; rhachis minutely scaberulous ; branches fascicled, spreading,
filiform, minutely scaberulous, unequal, sparingly divided, the lowest
up to 11 em. long; pedicels smooth, unequal, the lateral up to 4 mm.
long. Spikelets lanceolate, broadly lanceolate-oblong or oblong, straw-
coloured, 6—7 mm. long (excluding the awns), laterally compressed.
Glumes unequal to slightly unequal, acute, membranous, pubescent to
almost glabrous, minutely scaberulous on the margins upwards, mucro-
nate or shortly awned, awn scaberulous; lower lanceolate-oblong or
lanceolate-ovate, 3 mm. long, 3-nerved with the lateral nerves usually
anastomosing or connected by cross venules to the prominent mid-
nerve near the tip, sometimes with an additional short nerve near each
margin; upper narrowly lanceolate to elliptic-oblong or lanceolate-
oblong, 4 mm. long, prominently 3-nerved, the lateral connected to the
midnerve by cross venules in the upper half, sometimes with 2 additional
short side-nerves, the awn from a minutely bifid apex. Florets 4—6,

Plantae Novae Africanae. 103

(20%
ies

Fic. 2. Alloeochaete namuliensis.1. Plant. x 4. 2. Ligule. X 2. 3. Spikelet with lowest valve
bearing a short, straight awn, x 7. 4. Spikelet with lowest valve bearing a long, twisted awn,
x 7. 5. Lower glume, x 8. 6. Upper glume, xX 8. 7 and 8. Lowest valves showing different
structures of awn, X 5. 9: Upper valve, xX 5. 10. Valvule, showing internode of rhachilla
(r), x 5. 11. Lodicules from fertile floret, x 5. 12. Grain (immature), x 10. Del. Rhona Brown.

4

104 The Journal of South African Botany.

exserted from the glumes; lowest containing an imperfect (?) or rudi-
mentary ovary, the others bisexual, sometimes with an additional 1.
or 2 rudimentary florets at the top of the spikelet. Lowest valve broadly
lanceolate to ovate, 4 mm. long, 5-nerved with 2 or 4 connecting cross
venules in the upper half, glabrous, minutely to distinctly bilobed with
the lobes sometimes bristle-like, and a usually short, straight, more
rarely geniculate awn from between them; callus glabrous. Upper
valves 4—4-5 mm. long, 5-nerved with connecting cross venules in the
upper half, glabrous except for a tuft of white hairs near each margin
in the lowest third and sometimes a few long, sub-marginal hairs below
the tufts, bifid with the lobes about 2 mm. long, acute and setigerous,
and a scabrid awn from the sinus; awn geniculate, the 4-5—7 mm.
long bristle bent at a right angle to the column, which is 1—1-5 mm.
long, has 1—4 twists and is flattened; callus short, obtuse, densely
bearded with white hairs. Valvule (of all florets) oblanceolate, from
nearly as long as to slightly longer than the valve, sharply 2-keeled,
keels ciliolate upwards. Lodicules truncate, glabrous. Anthers 2—3-3
mm. long. Grain (immature) 2 mm. long, lanceolate-elliptic.

Hab. Portuguese East Africa. Quelimane district : Namuli Mountains
Gurte, in the earthy substratum on granite near Namuli summit, at
1,500 m., 9th April, 1948, A. R. da Torre 5146.

The inclusion of this interesting grass from the Namuli Mountains
in Alloeochaete C. EK. Hubbard in Hook. Ic. Pl. XXXV, t. 3418 (1940)
necessitates a slight amendment to the diagnosis of the genus, in so far
as the lowest floret is concerned. In Dr. Torre’s plant the apex and awn
of this floret vary considerably. On the same panicle, there are spikelets
whose: lowest valves have (i) a short, straight awn from a sub-entire or
minutely bilobed apex, (ii) a straight awn as long as the valve from a
distinctly bilobed apex with setigerous lobes, and (iii) a geniculate awn
from a bilobed apex, the structure similar to that of the upper valves,
except that the column of the awn does not bear as many twists. It is
not clear whether the lowest floret contains a male flower, for there are
very few anthers left in either of the two inflorescences, and the majority
of spikelets contain only ovaries. In the spikelets examined, the lowest
floret always contained an ovary slightly to much smaller than those
found in the upper florets, and in one instance the anthers were present
as well.
It seems likely that this floret would be imperfect and not develop
a fertile grain, because the first articulation of the rhachilla occurs above
it. The spikelets are fragile, and, while each of the perfect upper florets

Plantae Novae Africanae. 105

disarticulates very readily, the glumes and the lowest floret are persistent.
Furthermore, the lowest valve differs fromm the others in not having tufts
of hairs near the margins and in having a glabrous callus, these being
the only coustant morphological differences from the upper valves.

The character of the lowest floret in Alloeochaete seems to indicate
the initial stages of reduction in the lower part of the spikelet found in
those genera of the Aveneae which are more advanced than the primitive
Danthonia.

The following additions (in italics) to the comparison between Alloe-
ochaete and Danthonia, as given by Mr. Hubbard, l.c., are suggested :—

“Alloeochaete C. EK. Hubbard. Genus novum, Danthoniae DC.
affine, sed glumis mucronatis vel breviter aristatis, anthoeciis glumas
multo superantibus, rhachilla inter glumam superiorem et anthoecium
infimum continua, antheocio infimo masculo ovario imperfecto,
lemmate infimo glabro apice subintegro vel minute bilobo arista
brevi recta terminali, vel breviter bilobo arista geniculata praedito,
lodiculis glabris divergens ”’.

In the generic diagnosis, the lowest floret is described thus : “ infimum
masculum ovario vestigiali”’, and, since further material is required to
ascertain the exact functioning of this floret in the new species, no change
can be made at present. The description of the lowest valve, however,
might be amended thus :—

“Lemma infimum elliptico-ovatum vel ellipticum (explanatum),
apice subintegrum, minute vel breviter bilobum, arista recta brevi vel
geniculata et anthoeciorum fertilium aristis similis terminatum, firme
membranaceum vel scarioso-chartaceum, glabrum, 5-nerve ”’.

The resemblance of A. namuliensis to the only other described species,
A. andongensis (Rendle) Hubbard, is very marked. I have not seen a
specimen of this plant, but from the description and plate (Hubbard
Le.), it is clear that, apart from the variations in the lowest floret men-
tioned above, the only important differences are in the shape of the
panicle and the size of the spikelets.

The panicle of A. andongensis was described originally (Danthonia
andongensis Rendle in Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. ii, 212 (1899) as “ linear at
first, becoming irregularly rhomboidal . . . about 6 in. long by 13
broad when mature”, and Mr. Hubbard states that the outline of the
erect panicle is “‘ either linear, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, contracted,
10—20 cm. long, up to 4 cm. wide’. The panicle of A. namuliensis, on
the other hand, is broadly ovate and not contracted, with a width of
from 10-5 to 11-5 cm. The spikelets do not exceed 7 mm. in length,
whereas in A. andongensis they are stated to “ reach 4 in.” and to be
“12—_15 mm. long, excluding the awns ”.

106 The Journal of South African Botany.

The pubescence of the glumes is apparently more marked than it is
in A. andongensis, whose glumes are stated to be “‘ minutely pubescent

GG

above the middle ”’, while they vary from having a distinct pubescence
over the whole surface to being nearly glabrous in A. namuliensis. Other
points of variation are the presence of delicate cross venules in the upper
half of the glumes and valves, and the inconstancy of the nervation
in the glumes.

WAX f
Ry HP, ZZ
WOAH \ V, iW
i Hf Wy) ()

Wi
Wr

1

Fie. 3. Barosma insignis. 1. Portion of flowering shoot x 1. 2. Axillary
inflorescence X 1. 3. Longitudinal section of flower x 2. 4. Bract and
bracteoles at base of pedicel x 2. 5. Sepal x 2. 6. Petal xX 2. 7, 8.
Stamen x 2. 9. Staminode x 2. 10. Gynaecium xX 2. 11. Transverse
section of half-ripe fruit x 2. 12. Ripe fruit x 2. 13. Seed x 2. 14. Seed
ejector x 2. (Compton 12494, flowering material : Compfon 16750, fruit and
seed.) Del. M. Walgate and W. F. Barker.

Barosma insignis, Compton. (Rutaceae-Diosmeae).

Frutex erectus, foliosus, ubique glaber, aromaticus. Folia numerosa,
alternata, sub-erecta, imbricata, breviter petiolata, elliptico-lanceolata,
acuta, integra, glandulis in marginibus et alibi immersis, infra venis
3—5 prominentibus. Inflorescentiae axillares, 1—3-floratae. Bracteae
lanceolatae. Bracteolae minutae, basales. Calycis segmentae late ovatae,
acutae. Petala lanceolata, breviter unguiculata, alba, paucis glandulis
coloratis immersis. Filamenta et staminodia angustata. Capsula breviter
cornuta, dense glandulosa. Semina atrata.

Plantae Novae Africanae. 107

A robust erect shrub reaching 150 cm. in height, copiously leafy,
glabrous in all parts, the leaves with a mentholic odour. Stem and
branches erect, sub-virgate, brown, ridged beneath the petioles, with
conspicuous leaf-scars. Leaves alternate, numerous, sub-erect, over-
lapping and hiding the stem; petiole brown, 2—3 mm. long; lamina
bright green, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, the margin entire, slightly
thickened and containing numerous immersed oil-glands ; 3—5 principal
veins prominent on the under surface, especially when dry; small
immersed translucent oil-glands scattered throughout lamina. Flowers
axillary, solitary or in groups of 2—3, the subtending leaves erecto-
patent. Peduncle 2—3 mm. long. Bracts lanceolate, c. 7 mm. long, 2
mm. wide. Bracteoles small, scarious, basal. Pedicels c. 8 mm. long.
Calyx deeply 5-partite, segments broadly ovate, acute, greenish, glandular,
3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. Petals lanceolate, very shortly clawed, c. 11
mm. long, 4 mm. wide, white with a few tinted immersed oil-glands.
Filaments c. 7 mm. long, tapering gradually from base to apex, at first
deflexed, later straightening, the anther 2 mm. long. Staminodes 4 mm.
long, tapering, tipped with a vestigial anther. Capsule c. 8 mm. long,
lobed, shortly cornute, densely studded with oil-glands. Seeds black,
shining, 5 mm. long.

Hab. Cape Province. Ceres Division : Elands Kloof, rocky banks
of stream, 1000 m., alt., in full flower 17 November, 1941, Compton
1494 (type, in Herb. Nat. Bot. Gardens) ; Wabooms River, below Elands
Kloof, among rocks near water, 950 m. alt., fruiting 18 December, 1944,
Compton 16750. Living plants at Kirstenbosch, 331/44.

This new Barosma is well distinguished from all other species by the
larger size of its leaves and flowers, as well as by details. The plant when
well grown is several feet high and is striking and handsome on account
of its dense clothing of dark green leaves and the white flowers prettily
exposed amongst them. It is strange that it should have hitherto escaped
the notice of collectors. I first saw it in November, 1941, flowering
at the foot of a rocky cliff, facing south, at the margin of the stream which
flows out of Elands Kloof to join the Wabooms River (one of the head-
waters of the Doorn River) at the northern end of the Cold Bokkeveld.
On a later visit in September, 1944, the whole area including these plants
was found to have been destroyed by fire: but other plants were
discovered along the rocky banks of the Wabooms River below the entry
of the Elands Kloof stream. Finally, in December, 1944, I revisited this
spot accompanied by Mr. F. W. Thorns, Curator of Kirstenbosch, who
succeeded in safely transplanting living specimens to the Gardens with

108 The Journal of South African Botany.

the help of a Wardian case: fruiting specimens and seeds were also
obtained.

The oil-glands in the leaves are rather smaller than in the commercial
species of Barosma (“ Buchu’’). The leaves when crushed have a strong |
pleasant odour suggesting that of peppermint, and persisting for several
years in the dried material. When sufficient plants have been grown in
cultivation it will be interesting to distil the oil and investigate its
properties.

Bobartia lilacina, Lewis. (Iridaceae-Aristeae.) (§ Ramosae).

Rhizoma lignosum, circa 1 em. diam. Planta 50—70 cm. alta. Caulis
gracilis, teres, basin versus 2-5—4 mm. diam., sicut rami gracillimi
sub nodis viscosus, ramo infimo 20—35 cm. longo. Folia basalia 6—11,
equitantia, ensiformia, erecta, 15—30 cm. longa, 0:4—1-1 ecm. lata,
nervis numerosis inconspicuis. Inflorescentia laxe paniculata rhipidiis
terminalibus 3—4-floris. Spatha exterior glabra, herbacea, obtusa, 6
mm. longa; interior exteriori similis sed 1-7 cm. longa. Perianthium
pallide llacinum, segmentis oblongis, subacutis, 1-5—1-7 cm. longis,
6—7 mm. latis. Stamina filamentis 6 mm. longis, antheris 5—6 mm.
longis. Stylus 1 mm. longus, ramis 7 mm. longis, stigmatibus minutis.
Capsula globosa, glabra, 5—6 mm. diam.

Rhizome woody, about 1 cm. diam., surrounded by fibrous leaf bases,
with 1 or 2 contractile roots near the apex, shortly below the base of the
leaves. Plant 50—70 cm. high ; stem slender, terete, 2-5—4 mm. diam.
near the base, branched; branches very slender, the lowest 20—35
em. long, arising half to two-thirds of the way up the stem; stem and
branches with a viscid patch 1—3 em. long below each node. Leaves
6—11 basal, equitant, ensiform, erect, 15—30 cm. long, 0-4—1-1 em.
broad, firm but not thickened, with several inconspicuous veins ; cauline
leaves subtending the branches, the lowest 4—13 em. long, like the basal
leaves, the upper 1 cm. long or less, bract-like. Inflorescence paniculate,
a 3—4-flowered rhipidium terminating each peduncle. Spathes glabrous,
obtuse, the outer 6 mm. long, the inner 1*7 cm. long. Flowers pale mauve ;
perianth-segments patent, oblong, subacute, 1-5—1-7 cm. long, 6—7
mm. broad. Filaments 6 mm. long; anthers 5—6 mm. long. Style 1
mm. long; branches 7 mm. long; stigmas minute. Capsule globose,
glabrous, 5—6 mm. diam.

Hab. Cape Province: Caledon Div.: Villiersdorp side of French
Hoek Pass, eastern aspect on lower rocky slope of Gem Peak, Ester-
huysen 11441 (type, in S.A. Museum Herb.) ; cultivated plants, Nat.
Bot. Gardens, Kirstenbosch, 94/45.

Flowering season January—February.

Plantae Novae Africanae. 109

_ Dr. H. Weimarck, in Botaniska Notiser 1939, p. 616, has published
the results of his investigations of the types of inflorescences in Aristea
and some allied genera. These are very enlightening and lead to a
clearer understanding of some of the complicated types of inflorescences
which frequently occur in the Iridaceae. Of the genus Bobartia Dr.
Weimarck has made the following remarks :—

“In the Bobartia species the flowers and inflorescences are contracted
into very dense, head-like compounds. Of this genus I was in a position
to investigate only a few specimens belonging to B. spathacea (B. indica
L.). Here the ‘head’ is composed of a great number of flowers, which
are, partly at least, arranged according to the principle binate flowers
or binate rhipidia.”’” This description can be applied to the majority of
species hitherto described, with the exception of those in which the
inflorescence is reduced to two or three rhipidia or, as in B. filiformis,
to a single rhipidium.

In B. gladiata var. major the flattened stem bears at its apex two or
three very short branches on which the rhipidia are so closely imbricated
that they almost entirely conceal the branches. In some of the other
species with compound inflorescences the branches are so much contracted
that, at a cursory glance, the inflorescence has almost the appearance of
a capitulum, e.g. B. orientalis and, frequently, B. indica. The species
to which I gave the name B. paniculata (Journ. S.A. Bot. VII, 50,
1941) was the first in which a distinct elongation of the branches was
observed. The one to three slender branches are borne at the apex of
the long, more or less flattened stem, and each is usually dichotomously
branched, always viscid below the nodes, each separate branchlet or
peduncle terminating in a single rhipidium. In all other respects it is
like the previously described species and forms a definite link between
them and the species described and figured here.

B. lilacina differs from B. paniculata in having more numerous
branches which arise at intervals from the main stem, the lowest arising
half to two-thirds of the way up the stem. If one imagined the inter-
nodes on the main stem reduced one would arrive at an inflorescence
as in B. paniculata and, if one further imagined the branches contracted,
one would arrive at a compact, head-like inflorescence as in the typical
Bobartia.

In specimens of true Bobartia examined (as opposed to B. paniculata
and B. lilacina) the rhipidia are usually subtended by one to three very
closely imbricating sterile bracts. It is possible that these are the remains
of the bract-like leaves which, in B. paniculata and B. lilacina, subtend
the branches and peduncles. If this is the case it seems to indicate that
these two species are more primitive types from which the true Bobartia

110 The Journal of South African Botany.

x
A

Fic. 4. Bobartia lilacina. 1. Lower part of plant x 2/3. 2. Portion of leaf
x 2. (Hsterhuysen 11441.) Del. G. J. Lewis.

Plantae Novae Africanae. 111

a)

yf 2
2

2. Outer spathe xX 2.

5. Androecium and gynaecium, im-
7. Capsule x 2. 8. Seed X 9.

1. Upper part of plant x 2/3.

Fie. 5. Bobartia lilacina.
4. Flower x l.

3. Inner spathe x 2.
mature, X 3. 6. Gynaecium, immature, x 3.
(Esterhuysen 11441.) Del. G. J. Lewis.

112 The Journal of South African Botany.

is derived. To arrive at any conclusion, however, a complete morpho-
logical and anatomical study of the genus is essential and, as this has
not been done, I am not in a position to discuss the subject. I propose
to place B. paniculata and B. lilacina in a separate section, Ramosae,
under Bobartia.

The viscid patch below the nodes is an interesting feature in these
two species. I do not know the origin of the viscid substance, whether
secreted by the epidermal cells or not, nor its chemical composition, but
it is of terest to note that in some species of Moraea (M. viscaria, M.
bituminosa, M. cdorata), Homeria simulans and in some tropical species
of Ferraria, a similar viscid patch is found beneath the nodes. The pale
mauve flowers of B. lilacina are very unusual in this genus which has
characteristically yellow flowers.

Thanks are due to Miss Esterhuysen for the trouble she took to obtain
fresh material of this very fugitive and interesting species. The flowers
open at about 1 p.m. and remain open for four or five hours only.

Brachystelma gracillimum, R. A. Dyer. (Asclepiadeae-Ceropegieae).

Sp. nov. affinis B. Galpinu N.E. Br. habitu et floribus gracillimis
longioribusque facile distinguitur.

Herba tuberosa perennis usque 45 em. alta, ramosa caulibus gracilibus
internodiis basin versus usque 10 cm. longis. Folia opposita, breviter
petiolata, ovata vel ovato-cordata, obtusa usque 1-5 cm. longa, 7-5 mm.
lata, supra glabra vel margine proximo et infra breviter pubescentia,
pilis ad apicem curvatis, petiolo plus minusve 3 mm. longo leviter
canaliculato infra breviter pubescente. ores axillares nodiis solitarii ;
pedicelli c. 2 mm. longi. Calycis segmenta c. 3 mm. longa, lineari-
lanceolata, intra basi glandulis ovatis ornata. Corolla alabastro basi
leviter inflata 2-5—3 mm. diam. superne gracillima, usque 4:5 mm.
longa, minus 1 mm. diam., pubescens ; lobi usque 4°2 cm. longi filiformes
inferne liberi superne coherentes apice connati. Coronae exterioris lobi
5, bilobulati, lobulis 1 mm. longis subcapitatis, pilis curvatis paucis
indutis ; coronae interioris lobi erecti, 2-25 mm. longi, suboblongi.

Hab. Transvaal. Marico district ; Lekkerlach, north of the town of
Marico, Dec. 1940, Louw 811, in National Herbarium, Pretoria, 27255.
(type); Jan. 1941, Louw 8lla in National Herbarium, Pretoria, 27256
(fruit).

Perennial herb with a tuberous rootstock ; the tuber 3—5 cm. in
diameter ; annual stems about 45 em. tall, with a tough fibrous bark ;
slender, about 3 mm. thick at the base, branched above: but not more

Plantae Novae Africanae. 113

SX

ae
ME. CONNELL

Vic. 6. Brachystelma gracillimum. 1. Top of stem (slightly reduced). 2. Staminal column with
slender outer corona lobules and ianer oblong corona lobes overtopping the column.

114 The Journal of South African Botany.

than one lateral branch from each node and alternating, internodes up
to 10 cm. long towards the base of the plant gradually shortened to 2—3
cm. towards the apex. Leaves opposite, petiolate ; petiole about 3 mm.
long, slightly canaliculate, glabrous along the upper surface, shortly
pubescent for the rest; blade ovate or ovate-cordate, obtuse, flat or
folded upwards (in dried material) up to 1-5 cm. long, 0-75 cm. broad,
glabrous on the upper surface except round the margin, shortly pubescent
below, all the hairs curved towards the apex. lowers single at the
nodes, subtended by a minute bract ; pedicel about 2 mm. long ; Calyx
segments linear-lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, with minute ovate appen-
dages within the sinuses. Corolla up to 4:5 em. long, when in bud slightly
inflated at the base, 2-5—3 mm. diam., the beak very slender, not more
than 1 mm. diam. pubescent with short hairs directed to the apex, the
open corolla with the united basal portion flattened, 3 mm. diam. (without
any tubular structure as in the bud), lobes filiform, 0-5 mm. thick, be-
coming separate for about 1 cm. of thir length forming a narrow cage-
like structure (the sinuses forming recurved points as in Huernia)
cohering above into a very slender tubular structure, united only at the
tips. Outer corona of ten lobes in 5 pairs, each lobule 1 mm. long, slender,
curved and slightly capitate, furnished with a few curved hairs ; inner
corona lobes oblong, 2-25 mm. long, erect and overtopping the staminal
column. follicles linear, up to about 9 cm. long, 4 mm. thick, smooth,
mottled, diverging at 180° or recurved.

This species appears to be most nearly: related to Brachystelma
Galpinii (Schlechter) N.E. Br., but differs considerably from it in its
taller and stiffer habit, and particularly in the much longer solitary and
very slender flowers. It was first collected in flower in December, 1940,
by Mr. W. J. Louw, who added a fruiting specimen the following month
from the same tuber. The plant was found in the Marico district in sandy
soil in mixed tree veld. It was apparently rare, which may be explained
by the fact that the tubers, like those of many other species of the
‘family, are eaten by natives.

Ceropegia Smithii Henderson (Asclepiadaceae-Ceropegieae).

Herba reptans, caules glabri, internodiis c. 3-5—9 em. longis. Folia
crassa, obovata, oblongo-obovata, elliptica, vel oblongo-elliptica, apice
retusa vel abrupte apiculata, ad c. 3 cm. longa et 2-5 cm. lata ; petiolus
ad c. 10 mm. longus. Cymae axillares, 1- vel pauciflorae, pedicellis
c. 1—1-5 em. longis, glabris. Sepala anguste oblongo-lanceolata, acuta,
c. 6—7 mm. longa. Corollae tubus c. 3-5 cm. longus, extus glaber, plus
minusve rectus, basi oblongo-inflatus c. 5—6 mm. diam., c. 1:3 cm.
longus, ad medium contractus, fauce infundibuliforme, c. 1-5 cm. diam. ;

Fic. 7. Ceropegia

Plantae Novae Africanae. 115

Smithii Henderson. 1. Upper portion of branch x 1. 2.

3. Flower, side view x 1. 4. Corolla opened out and
5. Corona, in a portion of the base of the corolla
7. Longitudinal section of corona
Bot. Gdns., 544/44.) Del. M.

Leaf, from above x 1.
flattened, inner view x l.
tube < 6. 6. Corona, from above X 6.
x 6. 8. Pollinia x 12. (Smith 5318, Nat.
Courtenay-Latimer and W. F. Barker

116 The Journal of South African Botany.

lobi c. 1:5 em. longi, ut complanati oblongo-cordati sed replicati, apice
retusi, cohaerentes, pilis erectis sparsis ornati; corona exterior cupuli-
formis, 5-lobata, lobis lineari-oblongis c. 3 em. longis, apice recurvatis ;
interior 5-lobata, lobis lineari-spathulatis. :

Stem creeping, rooting at nodes, green, terete, minutely white dotted,
ec. 5 mm. diam., internodes 3-5—9 em. long. Leaves rigidly fleshy,
obovate or obovate oblong, or broadly elliptic or elliptic oblong, apex
retuse or abruptly and minutely apiculate, base narrowed to a broad
petiole up to c. 10 mm. long, blade up to c¢. 3 em. long and 2-5 em.
broad, margins undulate, dark green above with paler venation, lower
surface paler than upper with only the pale midrib visible. Cymes
lateral, one or few flowered, peduncle stout, glabrous; pedicels ¢. 1—
1-5 cm. long, glabrous. Sepals narrowly oblong lanceolate acute,
glabrous, channelled above, c. 6—7 mm. long. Corolla glabrous outside, c.
5-5 em. long, more or less straight, an oblong inflated portion at base c.
1-3 cm. long and 5—6 mm. diam. with close raised longitudinal ribs
interiorly and sparsely white hairy on basal half within, above this
contracted into a narrow tube c. 1-3 cm. long, then gradually expanded
into a funnel-shaped mouth c. 1-5 cm. diam.; interior of tube from
upper half of basal inflated portion to base of funnel-shaped mouth
glabrous, above this with sparse stiff pale hairs with swollen bases,
extending to base of lobes ; lobes ¢. 1-5 cm. long, when spread out oblong
obcordate from a broad base, apex broadly retuse with a small apiculus
and bearing a few stiff hairs, but the lobes replicate so that the two
halves are bent back parallel and very close together, forming a narrow
pouch, connivent at tips but their midribs closely approximate for more
than half their length, the sinus between the base of the lobes often with
a short point. Outer corona broadly and shallowly cup-shaped with
5 linear oblong lobes c. 3 mm. long, curving inwards over staminal column
and then outwards, their tips often revolute ; aner corona of 5 much
shorter linear spathulate lobes incumbent on staminal column and a
little longer than it, adnate at their bases to the outer lobes.

Hab. Cape Province. East London Division: Kwelegha River, about
30 miles north-east of East London, on slopes facing south to south-east,
under tall bush, G. G@. Smith 5318 (Type, in Herb. Nat. Bot. Gardens
and cult., 544/44).

Described from dried material, a small living plant, flowers and
flower buds preserved in alcohol and a drawing by Miss M. Courtenay-
Latimer.

Plantae Novae Africanae. 117

Miss Courtenay-Latimer’s coloured drawing shows the corolla to be
green or yellowish green at base, the expanded mouth with rather large
irregular light to dark red spots, veined purplish within ; lobes green,
purplish red at base.

Homeria bulbillifera, Lewis. (Iridaceae-Moraeeae).

Cormus globosus, 1-2—2 em. diam., tunicis e fibris crassis, lignosis,
nigris, compositis. Cawlis 30—45 em. altus, simplex vel ramosus. Folia
caulina, infimum lineare, conduplicatum, 50—75 cm. longum, 4—7 mm.
latum, nervis conspicuis, superiora 3—5, brevia, vaginantia, 3—4 cm.
longa ; bulbillae parvae in axillis foliorum omnium dispositae. Spathae
herbaceae, acuminatae, cuspidatae, exterior 3 cm. longa, interior circa
6 cm. longa. Perianthium pallide flavum segmentis basin versus viridi-
maculatis, obtusis, 2-3—3-5 cm. longis, exterioribus oblongis, 1-1—1-6
em. latis, interioribus angustioribus, 0-7—1-2 cm. latis. Stamina
filamentis omnino conjunctis, 7 mm. longis, antheris 5 mm. longis.
Stylus ramis 5—6 mm. longis, breviter bifidis, truncatis. Ovarium
eylindricum, circa 1 em. longum.

Corm globose, 1-2—2 cm. diam.; tunics of coarse, black, woody,
spine-tipped fibres. Stem 30—45 em. high, simple or branched. Leaves
cauline, the lowest linear, arising 1—4 cm. above the base of the stem,
conduplicate, conspicuously veined, 50—75 cm. long, 4—7 mm. broad ;
3—5 upper leaves short, sheathing, 3—4 cm. long; the base of each leaf
sheath is more or less swollen owing to the presence of several small
bulbils which burst through the sheath as they increase in size. Spathes
herbaceous, acuminate, cuspidate, the outer 3 cm. long, the inner about
6 cm. long. Flowers pale yellow, spotted with green at the centre, the
inner perianth segments sometimes suffused with pink; perianth seg-
ments curved up to form a small, narrow cup, then patent, obtuse, the
outer oblong, 2-3—3-5 cm. long, 1-1—1-6 cm. broad, the inner narrower,
2-2—3-2 em. long, 0-7—1-2 cm. broad. Filaments completely fused,
7 mm. long; anthers 5 mm. long, as long as or shortly overtopping the
style branches. Style branches about 5 mm. long, shortly bifid, truncate,
sometimes with minute incurved crests ; ovary cylindrical, about 1 cm.

long.

Hab. Cape Province: Caledon Division: Riviera, growing in grass
and on sand dunes, F. Purcell in S.A. Museum 54696 (Type) !; Gans
Bay, Gillett 4322! Bredasdorp Division: The Poort, about 8 miles
from Bredasdorp along the Elim Road, Lewis in Bolus Herb. 21231! ;
Cape Agulhas, 7. 7. Barnard in Bolus Herb. 22949!; Struys Bay,

118 The Journal of South African Botany.

Leipoldt 3569! Cape Division: upper slopes of Karbonkelberg, above
Hout Bay Harbour, Leighton 419, 681; (in S.A. Museum and Bolus
Herb.) ! Compton 16358 (in Nat. Bot. Gdns. Herb.)!; Ronde Vlei, —
L. Bolus in Bolus Herb. 22944!

Flowering season, September to November.

This species can easily be recognised by the presence of bulbils in the
axils of all the leaves, a rather striking feature which is found in a few
other genera of the Iridaceae, notably Watsonia bulbillifera and Micranthus
junceus. Ripe capsules, 1-5—2-0 em. long, were present on the Leipoldt
plant, but it is doubtful whether they always develop.

The plants found on the Karbonkelberg, Cape Peninsula (Leighton
419, 681, Compton 16358), are more robust than those from the Caledon
and Bredasdorp Divisions. The stem is 45—70 em. high, always branched,
and the lowest leaf, which arises 5—8 cm. above the base of the stem
is up to 1 m. long and 5—8 mm. broad, the upper cauline leaves 5—7
em. long. The flowers are cream-coloured, shading to pink with a yellow
star-shaped mark at the centre. There is no doubt, however, that this is
merely a larger form of H. bulbillifera.

Pentzia calcarea Kies. (Compositae-Anthemideae.)

Sp. nov. P. incanae affinis, sed plantis argenteis laxe virgatis, petiolis
longioribus gracilioribusque differt.

Suffrutex argenteus, humilis, plus minus 30 cm. altus, 30 em. diametro,
basin versus lignosus, laxe ramosus plerumque stoloniferus. Caules
basi ramosi ; rami aliquantum graciles, erecti vel nonnunquam arcuati ;
juvenilibus argenteis appressis pubescentibus. Folia aliquantum flaccida,
patula, demum reflexa, alterna nonnunquam fasciculata, appresse
argentea pubescentia, 3- vel 5-pinnatilobata, basi in petiolum gracile
6—20 mm. longum attenuata, summis integris linearibus. Capitula
terminalia, solitaria, 6—10 mm. diam., breve pedunculata ; pedunculi
nudi vel paucibus folis linearibus. Involucri bracteae 3-seriatae,
exteriores apice membranaceae, interiores marginibus membranaceis.
Receptaculum globosum minute punctatum. lores disci numerosi.
Corollae tubus superne infundibuliformis, 5-lobatus, aurantiacus, glaber,
parce glandulosus. Antherae apice appendiculatae. Achaenia 5-costata
ob-pyramidalia ; pappus membranaceus, obliquus, 5-lobatus.

Shrublet usually under 30 cm. high and 30 cm. diameter, virgately
branched from a woody base. Stems erect, slender, not much branched
except at base, sometimes bending outwards or downwards and forming
anchoring roots where they touch the soil; young shoots covered with

|
| Plantae Novae Africanae. IIL)

eee

6. 7.

Fic. 8. Pentzia calcarea. 1. Twig with terminal Fic. 9. Pentzia viridis. 1. Twig with inflorescence.
inflorescence. 2. Anchoring shoot. 3. Leaf. 4. Young 2. Twig, enlarged. 3. Leaf, enlarged. 4. Young
flower. 5. Open flower. 6. Anthers. 7. Gynaecium, flower. 5. Open flower. 6. Gynaecium. 7. An-

4—7, much enlarged. Del. P. Kies. thers. 4—7, much enlarged. Del. P. Kies.

120 The Journal of South African Botany.

adpressed silvery pubescence, and older stems with longitudinally
cracked bark. Leaves soft and flabby in texture, erect spreading when
young, bent back when wilted, adpressed silvery pubescent, usually
solitary, alternate, sometimes fascicled, leaf base slightly broader than
the petiole ; petiole 5 to 20 mm. long, slender ; lamina imparipinnately
lobed, with 1—2 pairs of linear, obtuse lobes. Bracts on peduncle linear,
entire, or absent. Heads terminal, solitary, 6—10 mm. in diameter,
golden yellow. Involucre in 3 series ; outer bracts with membranous tips,
inner with membranous margins also. Receptacle globose, minutely
pitted. Disc-flowers numerous. Corolla tubular, narrowly funnel-shaped
in upper half, 5-lobed, bearing a few scattered glands outside. <Anthers
with small apical appendages. Ovary 5-veined, narrowly inverted-
pyramidal. Pappus an oblique 5-parted crown-like membrane.

Hab. Cape Province: Prieska Div. Bryant J. 95; 1060 (13)B ; Hope-
town Div. Schweickerdt 1185; Smith 2809A; Herbert Div. Phillips
3477; Pole Evans 2; Honeynestkloof, Wilman in McGregor Museum,
Kimberley Div. Acocks in Nat. Herb. 23406; Hsterhuysen 933; Levey
in Herb. Galpin 6348, 5749. Barkly West Div. Adams in Albany Mus.
Herb. No. 148, Hsterhuysen 1240, Marloth 948. Kuruman Div. Dyer
and Verdoorn 1765; Pole Evans 2053, Taungs Div. Parker in McGregor
Museum, no number; Vryburg Div. Burtt-Davy 13925; Armoeds-
vlakte, Corwood in National Herbarium, no number. Foley in Nat.
Herb. No. 2792, 2771; Mogg 8222.

Orange Free State: Fauresmith Div.; Henrici 2433, 2686, 2691 ;
Kies 310 (Type) Pole Evans 1627; Smith 3921, 4003, 5298, 5321, 5367,
5376, 5399, 5446; Verdoorn 938, 1020, 1302, 1303, 1330. Edenburg
Div. Potts 2904. Bloemfontein Div. Burtt-Davy 12326. Boshof Div.
Burtt- Davy, 11330, 12396, 9422, 12481.

Transvaal: Bloemhof Div. Burtt-Davy 5527, 9422, 12481; Theron
430.

P. calcarea differs from P. imcana in the lax, virgate habit, slender
long-petioled leaves and silvery appearance. It is restricted to kalk
soils, and the old prospectors knew it to indicate soil where diamonds
were likely to be found. This plant is not such a good fodder bush as
P. incana O.K. but “ is liked by goats and cattle ’, although “‘ it imparts
an unpleasant flavour to their milk ”’, being strongly aromatic. It is said
to cause “shivers” in horses when, after doing heavy work, they eat
the wilted or dry bush. The flowers appear in late summer, and they
have a strong honey odour.

Plantae Novae Africanae. 121

Pentzia viridis, Kies. (Compositae-Anthemideae).

Sp. nov. affinis P. globosae, sed plantis viridibus, segmentis foliorum
acutis, rigidis divaricatis differt. Suffrutex minus 30 cm. altus, 30 em. dia-
metro, basin versus lignosus, multe ramosus, ramulis viridibus erectis. Folia
viridia, 3—7 mm. longa, alterna, nonnunquam conferta, punctata, plus
minusve viscosa, aromatica, 2 basi divisa, pinnatisecta, segmentis 7—10, 3
mm. longis, rigidis, divaricatis, teretibus, minute apiculatis. Capitula ter-
minalia, solitaria, 5—7 mm. diam., globosa, aurantiaca; pedunculi
breves, 5—20 mm. longi, nudi. Jnvolucri bracteae 3—4-seriatae, anguste
lanceolatae, subacutae, apicibus membranaceis ; corollae tubus inferne
cylindricus, parce glandulosus, superne urceolatus, glaber ; lobi reflexi.
Antherae apice appendiculatae, appendiculis deltoideis. Achaenia 5-
costata, ob-pyramidalia, pappo obliquo margine lacerato coronata.

Description : Dwarf shrub, usually under 30 em. high and 30 cm.
in diameter, much branched from a short woody stem, forming a round
bush, once reported that the branches formed anchoring roots in the soil,
but usually the branches are erect ; young shoots bright green, minutely
pubescent, later covered by a greyish bark. Leaves bright green 3—7
mm. long, alternate, sessile, persistent, glandular-punctate, viscous,
strongly aromatic, either crowded, with leaf lobes short and close together,
resembling a fascicle of linear leaves, or leaves laxly spaced, and the
lobes far apart ; 3 to 5 pairs of pinnate lobes, crowded towards leaf base,
smaller lobes arising on leaf rachis behind these, and all spread in various
planes ; lobes up to 3 mm. long, stiff, terete, with a terminal minute
bristle. Capitula terminal and solitary on leafy branchlets 5—7 cm.
diameter; rounded, deep golden-yellow. Peduncles 0°5—2 cm. long.
Involucral bracts in 3—4 series, narrowly lanceolate, subacute with mem-
branous tips. Corolla narrowly tubular at base with a few scattered glands,
urceolate in the upper half, with reflexing lobes. Anthers with small
deltoid appendage at apex. Ovary 5-nerved, inverted-pyramidal. Pappus
oblique coroniform somewhat lacerated at the margin.

This species is near Pentzia globosa, but differs in the bright green
colour of the stems and leaves, and in the acute terete, stiffly spreading
leaf lobes, arising in more than one plane from the leaf rachis. It seems
to grow chiefly on vlei soil or damp sand near dams and rivers. It is
not palatable to stock, although it is sometimes eaten when no other
fodder plants are available. The flowers appear in summer and autumn
and have a sweet honey scent.

Hab. Cape Province. Prieska Div., only a few specimens found in
sand brought down by the Orange River, Bryant 1079. Barkly West
Div., Banks of Vaal R., Hsterhuysen 927. Kimberley Div., Esterhuysen
924, 925, Flanagan 1435, Hafstrom 786, Mogg 15117, Pole Evans 11616,

122 The Journal of South African Botany.

Smith 2350. Fauresmith Div., Henrict 2432, 2698, 2414, Kies 311 (Type),
Pole Evans 1626; Bakbank, Rabie, Smith 3914, 4130, 4182, Verdoorn
915, 937, 942, 1361, 1362, 1570.

Plectranthus Behrii Compton. (Labiatae-Ocimoideae).

Frutex erectus, sub-herbaceus, aromaticus. Caules minute puberuli.
Folia supra viridia, infra purpurea, late ovata, acuta, base sub-truncata,
marginibus crenato-dentatis, utrinque puberula, venis infra _ pro-
minentibus, supra impressis, petiolo canaliculato, hirsuto. Inflorescentiae
terminales axillaresque, cymis multis, plus minusve 3-floris, breviter
pedunculatis. Bracteae sub-scariosae, acuminatae. Pedicelli tenues,
hirsuti. Calyx coloratus, lobo dorsale lato, reflexo, lobis lateralibus
angustis, semi-deflexis, lobis ventralibus angustis, rectis, omnibus ciliatis.
Corolla breviter obtuse calcarata, glabra, labio dorsale erecto, orbiculare,
lobis lateralibus obtusis, inflexis, labio ventrale reflexo. Genitalia longe
exserta, filamentis demum reflexis.

An. erect soft-wooded shrub, 60—100 cm. high or more, with shorter
lateral branches. Stem quadrangular with rounded angles and deeply
furrowed sides, finely puberulous, the internodes up to 5 em. long, the
leaf-bases prominent and persistent. Leaves herbaceous, lamina up
to 7 em. long and 5 cm. wide, green above, purple below, broadly ovate,
acute at apex, sub-truncate at base, with crenate-dentate margins,
translucently multipunctate, sub-rugulose, the veins prominent below
and impressed above, thinly puberulous on both surfaces, petiole c.
1-0—1-5 em. long, channeled above and at sides, hirsute on upper edges.
Inflorescences terminal and erecto-patent in axils of upper leaves and
lower bracts, up to 25 cm. long, the lateral ones shorter, bare below, with
numerous moderately dense pairs of + 3-flowered cymes above. Bracts
sub-scarious, acuminate, up to 8 mm. long and 5 mm. wide. Peduncles
ce. 1 mm. long. Pedicels slender, hirsute, horizontally placed, ec. 6 mm.
long. Calyx, tube green, 1 mm. long, lobes pink, ciliate ; dorsal lobe
broad, reflexed, 3 mm. long, 4 mm. wide; lateral lobes 2 mm. long,
subulate, half deflexed ; ventral lobes 4 mm. long, subulate, directed .
forwards. Corolla mauve-pink ; tube with a narrower basal portion 2
mm. long, a slightly deflexed broader distal portion up to 7 mm. long,
2-5 mm. wide, + laterally compressed, and a blunt conical dorsal nectar-
containing spur 2 mm. long; dorsal lip erect, orbicular, 8 mm. long and
wide, glabrous or very minutely velvety outside, with a few spots of
colour inside ; lateral lobes 2 mm. wide, obtuse, inflexed across mouth
of tube ; ventral lobe at first erect, at right angles to tube, boat-shaped,
6 mm. long, 3 mm. deep, sharply deflexed at maturity, the margins
becoming undulate. Stamens long-exserted, slightly curved upwards,

Plantae Novae Africanae. 123

the longer pair 10 mm. long, the shorter pair 8 mm. long, later curved
downwards and backwards. Style finally exserted 10 mm., with two
subulate stigmas. Fruiting calyx retaining its colour, 10 mm. long in
all, the tube strongly veined. Nutlets spherical, 1-5 mm. diam.

Fia. 19. Plectranthus Behrii. 1. Portion of plant x 4. 2. Part of inflorescence,
nat. size. 3. Cyme X 2. 4. Young flower, front view x 2. 5. Young
flower, side view X 2. 6. Old flower, side view x 2. 7. Bud, side view x 2.
8. Tube, side view xX 2. 9. Young calyx, from above X 2. 10. Old calyx,
side view x 2. 11. Gynaecium. side view x 2. 12. Gynaecium, from above
x 4. 13. Nutlets, side view x 4. 14. Young anther x 8. 15. Young anther,
front view X 8. 16. Old anther, back view X 8. 17. Bract x 2. (Behr in
Nat. Bot Gardens 1252/31.) Del. W. F. Barker.

Hab. Cape Province. Pondoland: Lusikisiki, C. Behr in Nat. Bot.
Gardens 1252/31 (type in Herb. Nat. Bot. Gdns.) and 1045/32.

This Plectranthus was sent to Kirstenbosch by Mr. Charles Behr

124 The Journal of South African Botany.

in 1931 and 1932 and has Leen cultivated there ever since. It is closely
related to P. fruticosus L’Herit., but the stem is less hirsute, the leaves
less markedly double-crenate, more rugulose and purple below, the
petioles shorter, the inflorescences more ample with denser flowers ;
the flowers are slightly larger and of a different colour (not blue) and
the stamens are longer. It is said by the collector to be somewhat infre-
quent in the Lusikisiki district.

It is an attractive and useful garden plant, flowering copiously and
over a long period in late summer and being satisfactory in full sun or
in partial shade. The colour of corolla and calyx lobes is a good pink
mauve, well set off by the deep green upper leaf-surfaces.

Salsola nigrescens, Verdoorn. (Chenopodiaceae).

Sp. nov. affinis S. glabrescenti sed plantibus minoribus siccis nigre-
scentibus, sepalorum in fructu alis brevioribus c. 1-5 mm. longis, differt.

Suffrutex, c. 30 cm. altus, basi robustus, lignosus, ramulis gracilibus,
glabris. Folia carnosa, glabra, sicca nigrescentia, ovata ad lineare-
lanceolata, 2—5 mm. longa, c. 1 mm. lata, canaliculata, versus apicem
teretia, dorso rotundata vel inconspicue carinata, basi auriculata et
ealcarata, marginibus hyalinis. lores axillares sessiles, 2-bracteolati ;
bracteolae ovatae ad ovato-orbiculatae, 2 mm. longae, 1-5 mm. latae,
earnosae, cucullatae, dorso rotundatae et carinatae, apiculis carnosis
et marginibus late hyalinis. Sepala 5, tria, 2 mm. longa, 1-5 mm. lata,
duo, 2 mm. longa, 1 mm. lata, hyalina, centro triangulare viride carnoso,
in fructu ala late horizontali scariosa obcuneata, circiter 1-5 mm. longa,
infra medium loborum instructa. Stamina 5, filamentis subulatis ;
antherae apiculatae. Ovarizwm ovoideo-globosum in stylum_ bifidum
attenuatum ; discus patelliformis, 5-lobulatus.

Hab. Cape Province: Middelburg Div., Gill 33, Verdoorn 1425,
1466, 1485, 1493, 1603, 1738 ; Hanover Div., Sim in herb. Galpin 6257 ;
De Aar Div., Moss 10692, Hsterhuysen 1115; Prieska, Moss 10693,
Bryant J. 218; Herbert Div., Schweickerdt 1173; Barkly West Div.,
Esterhuysen 1112; Kimberley Div., Hsterhuysen 1116.

O.F.S.: Fauresmith Div., Koffiefontein, Burtt-Davy 12402, Smith
3895, 4046, 5285, 5305 (type), 5307, 5355, 5363, 5519, Henrici 2418, 2425,
2457, Pole Evans 1634, Mogg 17213, 17214, Verdoorn 2202; Edenburg
Div., Verdoorn 1221.

The publication of the specific name for this plant is long overdue.
Farmers recognise it as being distinct from “ Rivier ganna” Salsola
glabrescens and refer to it as “‘ Swart ganna.” Dr. M. Henrici, Officer

Plantae Novae Africanae. 125

3 4 6.

Fie. 11. Above. Salsola glabrescens. (Kafferfontein). 1. Fruit. 2. Ovary. 3. Bract,
side view. 4. Bracteole, side view.

Below. Salsola nigrescens. (Brandewynskuil). 1. Fruit. 2. Ovary. 3, 4.

Bract, side and face view. 5, 6. Bracteole, side and face view. Del. P, Kies.

126 The Journal of South African Botany.

in Charge of the Veld Reserve, Fauresmith, too, has recognised it as
a distinct species in her experimental work and used the manuscript
name S. nigrescens in her publication “ Fodder Plants of the Broken
Veld.”” The name, which is very apt, was suggested for the species by
Mr. C. A. Smith, some years ago. S. nigrescens is a smaller and more
glabrous plant than S. glabrescens, which is also harder and coarser and
grows up to 3 ft. tall and even taller when growing along a river.

The character of turning black when dried makes S. nigrescens
readily distinguishable among herbarium specimens. The wings of the
fruiting calyx are smaller than those of S. glabrescens, being usually
under 2 mm. long, while in the latter they are over 2 mm. and up to
5 mm. long.

The distribution of the species is quite wide in the upper Karoo
where it is found abundantly on saline soils and for this reason is par-
ticularly valuable to sheep farmers.

1 PAL

A NEW GENUS IN THE PANICEAEK, AND A KEY
TO THE AFRICAN GENERA OF THE SUB-
TRIBE DIGITARIASTRAE.

By Miss L. CHIpprnpDaLu.

HYLEBATES L. Chippindall. Genus novum e tribu Panicearum :
a generibus omnibus e sub-tribu Digitariastrarum spiculis breviter aris-
tatis in panicula diffusa laxe dispositis differt.

Spiculae omnes similes, lanceolatae, dorso compressae, breviter
aristatae, solitariae, pedicellis capillaribus inaequalibus articulatae, in
ramis longis gracilibus paniculae ortae. Anthoecia 2: inferum ad lemma
redactum ; superum fertile, infero paullo brevius. Glwmae dissimiles,
inaequales, muticae; inferior spicula valde brevior, acuta, hyalina,
enervis ; superior spicula paullo brevior, late lanc2olata, tenuiter mem-
branacea vel subhyalina, 3-nervis. Anthoeciwm inferum: lemma spicula
aequilongum, breviter aristatum, late lanceolatum, membranaceum,
5-nerve. Anthoeciwm superum lanceolatum, acutum: lemma laeve,
tenuiter chartaceum, marginibus planis hyalinis, tenuissime 5-nerve ;
palea lemmati aequilonga, tenuiter 2-nervis. Lodiculae 2, parvae,
cuneatae, glabrae. Stamina 3; antherae lineari-oblongae. Ovariwm
lanceolato-ellipticum, glabrum; styli distincti, terminales ; stigmata
plumosa. Caryopsis matura ignota. Gramen annuum; culmi geniculato-
adscendentes, e nodis inferioribus radicantes ; ligulae ad seriem ciliorum
redactae ; foliorum laminae planae, late lanceolatae ; panicula diffusa,
ramis fasciculatis, spiculis laxe dispositis.

Species unica, Africae tropicae australis incola.

A new genus belonging to the Paniceae and differing from all African
genera in the sub-tribe Digitariastrae by its paniculate inflorescence,
and from extra-african genera with this type of inflorescence by its
awned spikelets.

Spikelets all alike, lanceolate, dorsally compressed, shortly awned,
falling entire or almost so from their capillary, unequal pedicels, solitary
and scattered, with indefinite orientation, on the slender, mostly 3-nate,
divided branches of an open panicle. florets 2: lower reduced to the

128 The Journal of South African Botany.

valve ; upper bisexual, slightly shorter than the lower. Glumes dis-
similar, very unequal, muticous; lower very much shorter than the
spikelet, acute, hyaline, nerveless ; upper about three-quarters the length
of the spikelet, broadly lanceolate, delicately membranous to subhyaline,
3-nerved. Lower floret: valve as long as and determining the outline
of the spikelet, shortly awned, broadly lanceolate, acuminate upwards,
slightly firmer in texture than the upper glume, 5-nerved. Upper floret
lanceolate, shortly acute: valve smooth, thinly chartaceous with flat,
hyaline, overlapping margins, very faintly 5-nerved: valvule similar
to the valve but slightly thinner and faintly 2-nerved. Lodicules 2, small,
cuneate, glabrous. Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary lanccolate-
elliptic, glabrous ; styles distinct, terminal, capillary ; stigmas plumose.
Mature grain unknown. An annual grass with geniculately ascending
culms decumbent at the base and rooting from the lower ncdes ; ligules
reduced to a dense fringe of hairs; leaf-blades flat, broadly lanceolate
from a cordate base; inflorescence an open panicle with fascicled,
laxly divided branches ; spikelets pale green.

Hylebates cordatus L. Chippindall, species nova (adhue unica).

Gramen annuum. Culmi geniculato-adscendentes, e nodis inferioribus
radicantes, multinodes, ad 1-5 m. altum. Foliorwm vaginae internodiis
breviores, striatae ; ligulae ad seriem densam ciliorum redactae ; laminae
planae, late lanceolatae, basi cordatae, scabridae, usque ad 18 cm.
longae et 3 cm. latae. Panicula ovata, demum laxissima, 14—26 cm.
longa, usque ad 10 em. lata; rhachis striata, internodio infimo usque ad
4 cm. longo; rami plerumque verticillati, graciles, inferiores usque ad
13 cm. longi; pedicelli tenuissimi, inaequales. Spiculae lanceolatae,
breviter aristatae, scabridae, 3-8 mm. longae (aristis inclusis), circa
1 mm. latae. Glumae valde inaequales, muticae ; inferior acuta, glabra,
laevis, enervis, -7—-8 mm. longa; superior lanceolata, scabrida, 3-
nervis, 2-5 mm. longa. Lemma inferum late lanceolatum, scabridum,
5-nerve, 3:8 mm. longum, breviter aristatum, arista -8—-9 mm. longa,
scabrida. Lemma swperum laeve, tenuissime 5-nerve, 2-75 mm. longum.
Palea lemmati aequilonga, tenuiter 2-nervis. Lodiculae circiter -4 mm.
longae, glabrae. Antherae 1-5—2 mm. longae.

Culms geniculately ascending, decumbent at the base and rooting
fo} v 5 5
from the lower nodes, 1-5 m. high, simple, terete or slightly compressed,
soft, many-noded, striate, apparently glabrous and smooth, but minutely
tubercular-asperulous between the striae and below the inflorescence.
Leaf-sheaths terete, slightly more than half the length of the internodes,
strongly striate, the lower broad and at length slipping from the culms,

A New Genus in the Paniceae, and a Key to the African Genera 129
of the Sub-tribe Digitariastrae.

Hylebates cordatus. 1. Plant, x % (the spikelets are proportionally too small) ;
2. Ligule, c. natural size. 3. Spikelet, x 114. 4. Lower glume, x 10. 5. Upper
glume, x 10. 6. Lower valve, x 10. 7. Upper value, < 10. 8. Upper valvule, x 10.
9. Stamens and pistil, <x 10. 10. Lodicules, X 10. Del. Rhona Brown.

130 The Journal of South African Botany.

glabrous and smooth below, tuberculate and scaberulous upwards,
margins shortly but densely white ciliate, the cilia increasing in length
towards the mouth; ligule reduced to a dense fringe of long hairs ;
blades flat, broadly lanceolate from a much rounded, cordate base,
tapering to a sub-setaceous point, firm, papery, up to 18 cm. long and
3 cm. wide, very scabrid on the upper surface, less so on the under,
tuberculate on both surfaces, scantily hispid, margins cartilaginous and
very scabrid, with tubercle-based hairs towards the base; midrib
slender, whitish, prominent downwards ; primary lateral nerves very
fine, 4 on each side of the midrib. Panicle exserted from the uppermost
sheath, ovate, very lax, 14—26 cm. long and up to 10 em. wide, somewhat
contracted at first, then widely open and spreading ; main axis channelled
on one side, filiform upwards, striate and, like all the divisions of the
panicle, scaberulous to scabrid, lowest internode up to over 4 em. long ;
primary branches 3-nate, or solitary towards the top of the inflorescence,
up to 13 em. long, mostly divided from near the base and then naked
for up to 5:5 em. ; secondary branches filiform to sub-capillary, undivided
for up to 3-5 cm. from the base, then irregularly branched again, often
scantily, with the ultimate divisions capillary ; pedicels variable in
length, scaberulous, capillary with discoid tips. Spikelets lanceolate,
shortly awned, gaping at maturity, pale green, 3-8 mm. long, including
the awn. Glwmes dissimilar, very unequal, muticous; lower acute,
rhomboidal, separated from the rest of the spikelet by*a -3 mm. long
internode, almost entirely hyaline, whitish, glabrous and smooth,
nerveless, -7—-8 mm. long; upper lanceolate, shortly acute, clasping
the spikelet at the base, delicately membranous downwards between
the nerves, otherwise hyaline, scaberulous upwards, especially towards
the margins, strongly 3-nerved, nerves green and scaberulous, the lateral
connected to the mid-nerve by transverse venules near the top, 2-5
mm. long. Lower valve resembling the upper glume in texture but
slightly wider and firmer, as long as the spikelet and determining its
outline, acuminate and produced into a short, -8—-9 mm. long, scabrid
awn, shortly hispid upwards, especially towards the margins, with 3
pereurrent and 2 shorter lateral nerves, nerves green and scabrid, the
inner lateral ones connected to the midnerve by transverse venules at
the tip. Upper valve thinly chartaceous except for a small, hyaline region
at the base and the flat, hyaline margins which overlap except at the tip
and base, muticous, smooth, whitish at first and then turning straw-
coloured, very faintly 5-nerved, 2:75 mm. long. Valvule nearly as long
as and similar to the valve, but faintly 2-nerved and without the hyaline
region at the base. Lodicules 2, cuneate, glabrous, about -4 mm. long.
Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong, 1-5—2 mm. long.

A New Genus in the Paniceae, and a Key to the African Genera 131
of the Sub-tribe Digitariastrae.

Hab. Portuguese East Africa. Quelimane district: from Mocuba
to Milange, in open Brachystegia and Berlinia forest, 18th March, 1943,
A. Rk. da Torre 4945.

The new genus belongs to the group of genera in the Paniceae known
as the Digitariastrae. They are characterised by their fertile valves
being thinly chartaceous to cartilaginous and not rigid at maturity,
and having flat, hyaline margins.

Hylebates differs from all the African genera of the section in having
a paniculate inflorescence. In this respect it resembles the American
and Australian genera Leptoloma Chase, Anthaenantia Beauy. and
Homopholis C. EK. Hubbard, but from these it may at once be dis-
tinguished by its shortly awned spikelets.

There are four other African genera with awned spikelets, namely,
Snowdenia C. K. Hubbard (Beckera Fres.), Chloridion Stapf, Acritochaete
Pilger and Alloteropsis Presl., and the structure of the spikelet in Hylebates
cannot be identified with any of them. Snowdenia and Chloridion are
awned from the barren valve, but the awn is relatively much longer,
especially in the latter genus, while in both genera the glumes are much
shorter than the spikelet, the lower being entirely suppressed in
Chloridion. Furthermore, the fertile valve in Snowdenia is shortly awned
and its valvule is nerveless and only about one half the length of the
floret. Acritochaete has tangled awns from the upper glume and lower
valve, while Alloteropsis is awned from the upper valve.

In habit and size, the new grass bears a strong resemblance to
Ottochloa arnottiana (Stapf) Dandy. Ottochloa is a small genus whose
affinities in the Paniceae, as Dr. Stapf points out, (Fl. Trop. Afr. IX,
742 (1920) are not clear. The hyaline margins of the fertile valve, as well
as the short upper glume, suggest its inclusion in the Digitariastrae,
but the sub-coriaceous texture of the valve itself at maturity is in align-
ment with the characters of the Panicastrae. An unusual feature is the
fact that the margins of this valve are ciliolate.

In the absence of material for study, it has been deemed wise to
omit Ottochloa from the key to the African genera of the Digitariastrae
given below. The key is based on that prepared by Dr. Stapf for the
Flora of Tropical Africa IX, and has been drawn up to include the four
genera described since the publication of this work in 1917. They are :
Snowdenia C. E. Hubbard, Megaloprotachne C. E. Hubbard, Digitariopsis
C. E. Hubbard and the new genus Hylebates.

132 The Journal of South African Botany.

Key To THE AFRICAN GENERA OF THE DIGITARTASTRAE.

Spikelets awnless.
Lower glume as long as the spikelet a 06 .. 1. Megaloprotachne.
Lower glume minute or altogether suppressed.
Spikelets produced at the base into a slender, acute spur
Spikelets not spurred ‘ 56 310
Spikelets awned.
Inflorescence an open panicle : 4. Hylebates.
Inflorescence composed of solitary, scattered, digitate < or
sub-digitate racemes.
Racemes. solitary.
Awns from the barren and fertile valves ; upper glume
reduced to a small, nerveless scale ; upper valvule
about $ as long as the floret ; peduncles usually
in 2’s or 3’s from the Deeg node, rarely
solitary : 5. Snowdenia.
Awns from the upper glume and barren v valv @s tangled ;
upper glume 3 the length of the spikelet, 3-
nerved ; upper valvule neety as long as the

Digitariopsis.
Digitaria.

Ww bo

floret ; peduncles solitary. 6. Acritochaete.
Racemes distant on a common axis, or digitate. or sub-
digitate.
Racemes distant on a common axis: upper glume
long-awned .. Sn e0 00 66 .. 6, Aeritochaete.

Racemes digitate or sub-digitate; upper glume
awnless.
Awn from the fertile valve ; both glumes present,

upper nearly as long as the spikelet. . 7. Alloteropsis.
Awn from the barren valve; lower glume sup-
pressed, upper very small ant 516 .. 8. Chloridion.

ENUMERATION OF THE AFRICAN GENERA OF THE DIGITARTASTRAE.

1. Megaloprotachne C. EK. Hubbard in Kew Bull. 1929, 319. Species 1.
South Africa: Bechuanaland Protectorate ; Northern Rhodesia.

2. Digitariopsis C.K. Hubbard in Hook. Ic. Pl. XXXV, t.3420 (1940).
Species 1 or 2. Northern Rhodesia ; Belgian Congo.
Note.—Digitariopsis Redhead C. KE. Hubbard 1.e.

This beautiful little grass, with its silky, rhomboid spikelets, was
described from a gathering (Milne-Rehead 4591) in the Mwinilunga
District, Northern Rhodesia, not far from the borders of the Belgian
Congo.

The single record of it in the Kew Herbarium seems to indicate
its rarity, yet a small collection of Gramineae and Cyperaceae received
recently from Mr. P. Quarré, botanist to the Comité Special du Katanga
contained two specimens of it. One of them (Quarré 3989) is typical
D. Redheadii e descr., and was found growing in moist soil near the
Kimilolo River at Keyberg, near Elizabethville in the Belgian Congo.

The second specimen (Quarré 4127) is rather different, although the
structure of the spikelet, with its spurred base, leaves no doubt as to its
generic affinity. The primary axis of the panicle is, in the type, finely

A New Genus in the Paniceae, and a Key to the African Genera 133
of the Sub-tribe Digitariastrae.

pilose, but the branches are glabrous. In the new specimen, the axis
is glabrous while the graceful, capillary branches bear numerous fine
white hairs which are mostly gathered into scanty tufts and measure up
to nearly 1 cm. in length. The racemes are shorter and less dense than
they are in the plant which matches D. Redheadii, and the spikelets some-
what larger.

Unfortunately, the specimen is incomplete, consisting only of an
inflorescence, culm and a single leaf, so it is impossible to ascertain
whether or not it constitutes a second species, or merely another form
of D. Redheadi.

3. Digitaria Haller in Hist. Stirp. ti, 244 (1768); Stapf in Dyer, FI.
Cap. VII, 372 (1898); Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. IX, 422 (1919).
Species over 100. Found in the warm regions of both hemispheres.

4. Hylebates L. Chippindall in Journ. 8.A. Bot., XI, 1945. Species
1. Portuguese East Africa.

5. Snowdenia C. E. Hubbard in Kew Bull. 1929, 28. (Beckera Fresen.).
Species 5. East Africa: Uganda, Tanganyika ; Abyssinia.

6. Acritochaete Pilger in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XXXII, 53 (1902). Species
1. East Africa: Uganda, Tanganyika.

7. Alloteropsis J. Presl in C. Presl, Rel. Haenk. i, 343 (1830) emend.
Hitche. in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. xii, 210 (1909). Species about
9. In the tropics and extending into warm temperate regions.

8. Chloridion Stapf in Hook. Ic. Pl. XXVII, t. 2640 (1900). Species
1. South Africa : Bechuanaland Protectorate, Northern Transvaal ;
Southern and Northern Rhodesia; Portuguese East Africa ; East
Africa; Nyasaland ; Belgian Congo.

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JOURNAL

OF

SOUTH AFRICAN BOTANY

VOLUME XI.

A REVISION OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES
OF ORNITHOGALUM L.

By Frances M. Leicuron.
PART III.
(Concluding, with complete key to the Species.)

(Part I was published in this Journal, Vol. X, pp. 83—110; Part IT
in Vol. X, pp. 111—122.)

33. O. inclusum Leighton in S.A. Gardening, XXIV, 50.

Plants 20—30 em. high. Bulb depresso-globose, whitish, 2—3 cm.
diam. Leaves 3—4, vaginate, superposed, pale glaucous green, lowest
leaf obtuse 3—5 cm. long, 1—2 cm. broad, upper leaves acute 7—9 em.
long, 1O—25 mm. broad. Inflorescence many flowered, dense, pedicels
up to 5 mm. long, bracts membranous, longer than the pedicels. Perianth-
segments spreading, white with green median stripe, obtuse, 10—11 mm.
long, 4—5 mm. broad. Stamens erect, filaments enclosing the ovary
and style, three outer filaments 6 mm.long, 2mm. wide, broadly expanded,
three inner 9 mm. long, constricted in the middle, upper half up to 3 mm.
broad with crenulate margin, lower half up to 2-5 mm. broad. Ovary
ovoid, 5 mm. long, style and stigma 3 mm.

Hab. Cape Province. Clanwilliam Div.: Doornbosch, Leighton in
Bolus Herb. 20808 (Type), Barker 1924, Hsterhuysen 7635.
Fl. Aug.—Sept.

[Fig. 33, Map VI.]

The figures show in each case an analysis of the floral parts in the following
order: Outer and inner perianth segments. outer and inner stamens, gynaecium,

136 The Journal of South African Botany.

34. Q. constrictum Leighton sp. nov.

Planta alt. ad 40 em. Bulbus globosus vel depresso-globosus. Folia
2—3, lanceolata vel ovato-lanceolata, glabra, marginibus crassis, dense
ciliatis. Inflorescentia stricta ; pedicelli adscendentes vel erecti, bracteis
breviores. Perianthii segmenta, alba, viridi-vittata, angusta, acuta
vel sub-acuta. Stamina erecta, apicibus a stigmate divergentibus,
inaequilonga, tria exteriora quam gynaecio breviora, filamentis oblongis,
tria interiora stylo cum stigmate equilonga, filamentis expansis medio
constrictis, dimidio inferiore expanso, margine integro, dimidio superiore
etiam latiore, margine crenulato vel fimbriato. Ovariwm longum in stylo
diminuendum, stigmate capitato. Semina atra, angulata.

Hab. Cape Province. Riversdale Div.: On road to the Fisheries
W. bank of Gouritz River, James 1445 (Type in Bolus Herb.) ; Hills
near Riversdale, Muir in Bolus Herb. 23065. Oudtshoorn Div.: near
Cango Caves, Bolus 12412; Oudtshoorn Commonage (Uitenhage beds),

33. O. inmclusum. 34. O. constrictum. (All figures x 2.)

Marloth 12177. Wumansdorp Div.: N. side of Kromme River near
Assegai Bosch, Fourcade 2439. Uitenhage Div.: Redhouse, Paterson
438 ; Zwartkops River, L. Bolus in Nat. Bot. Gdns. 863/31. Somerset
Kast Div.: Bruintjieshoogte, MacOwan 1855. Albany Div.: near
Alicedale, Dyer 3332. Victoria East Div.: Naude’s Hoek near Alice,
Giffen 779.

Plants up to 40 cm. high. Bulb globose or depresso-globose, 12—20
mm. diam. Leaves 2—3, lanceolate or ovato-lanceolate, 5—8 cm. long,
10—25 mm. broad, surfaces smooth, margins thickened and densely
but shortly ciliate. Inflorescence long, narrow ; pedicels 10—15 mm.
long ; bracts longer than the pedicels. Perianth-segments white with a
ereen median stripe on the under side, narrow, acute or subacute, 12—
15 mm. long, 3—5 mm. wide. Stamens erect enclosing the ovary but
diverging at their apices, three outer filaments oblong, shorter than
the gynaecium, three inner as long as the gynaecium, filaments expanded
from apex to base constricted at the middle; the expansion of the
upper half ovate with crenulate or slightly fimbriate margins, the lower

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 137

half a little narrower than the upper, margins entire. Ovary long,
fusiform tapering into the style at the apex. Stigma conspicuously
capitate.

Fl. Dee.—Jan.

[Fig. 34. Map VI.]

35. O. distans L. Bolus in Journ. Bot. LXXI, p. 71.

Plants 25—30 cm. high. Leaves 3, widely spaced, vaginate for
1—5 em. rarely as much as 10 em., vagina setose, green spotted in the
lower leaves, green nerved in the upper; laminae 4—7 cm. long, 8—10

- inclusum

. constrictum

. distans

Marlothii

» hispidum

. hispidum forma]
ai eters
. ciliatifolium

. rubescens
. Richardii

OmNM >< DDPeOO +
©) ©) ©) ©) ©) © ©) ©) ©)

. bicornutum

°
°

. karooicum

+ 0.
wo

. Salteri

. thermophilum

MAP VI.

‘mm. broad, varying in shape, lowest oblong or oval, obtuse up to 2 cm.
long, and 11 mm. broad, upper leaves linear, attenuate, acute or sub-
acute, pilose on both sides, hairs spreading. Inflorescence few—many-
flowered, pedicels 15—30 mm. long, bracts long-attenuate from a broad
base, green when young becoming membranous with age. Perianth-
segments up to 16 mm. long, 6—7 mm. broad, white with a median
green stripe on the under surface, oblong-ovate or sub-obovate, obtuse,
three inner segments often pure white and slightly clawed at the base.
Filaments white, 5—7 mm. long, 3 inner expanded in the lower half,
expansions bilobed at the apex. Style and stigma 4 mm. long. Ovary
yellow, 4 mm. long.

138 The Journal of South African Botany.

Hab. Cape Province. Calvinia Div.: Near Nieuwoudtville, Buhr
in Bolus Herb. 19945 (Type), Buhr in Bolus Herb, 22754, Buhr in Nat.
Bot. Gdns. 378/31 ; Calvinia, Schmidt 365. Clanwilliam Div.: Doorn- —
bosch, Lewis in Bolus Herb. 22752; Langkraal, Barker 291 ; Wupper-
thal, Thode A. 2095, and A. 2094.

Fl. Sept.—Oct.

[Fig. 35. Map. VI.]

35. O. distans. 36. O. Mariothii. 37. O. hispidum. 38. O. ciliatifolium.
39. ©. rubeseens. (All figures x 2.)

36. O. Marlothii Leighton sp. nov. O. conicum Curt. Bot. Mag.
3538.

Plantae alt. ad 70 cm. saepe 20—50 cm. Bulbus globosus, diam.
10—15 mm. Folia 3—4, longe vaginata distantia, pilosa vel glabra,
margin bus ciliatis, infera la'a, saepe cordata, supera longiora. In-
floresccntia elongata, 8—20 fl., floiibus distantibus. Bracteae e basi
ovaia attenuatae, membranaceae. Perianthii segmenta nivea obtusa,
tria exteriora saepe ap:cibus papillosis, loag. 11—18 mm., lat. 4—6 mm.

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 139

Filamenta tria exteriora linearia, tria interiora basi abrupte expansa
in squamam latam. Ovariwm ovoideum, stylo gracile. Semina rugosa.

Hab. Cape Province. Little Namaqualand: Richtersveld, Marloth
12209 in Bolus Herb.; Spektakel, Hsterhuysen 5741a; Barker 1927 ;
Brakdam, Barker 1926; Between Garies and Khamieskroon, L. Bolus
in Bolus Herb. 22759, Leipoldt 3356 (Type).

Plants tall and stragegly, often as much as 70 em. high, usually 20—
50cm. Bulbs relatively small, 10—15mm.diam. Leaves 3—4, vaginate.
The lowest leaf is very broad, sometimes broader than long, usually
35 mm. long, 32 mm. broad, the second leaf is often cordate and the
uppermost lanceolate 3—7 cm. long, 15—30 mm. broad. The leaves
vary in shape and size and the surface may be glabrous or pilose but
the margins are constantly furnished with long, fine cilia. Inflorescence
lax, few-flowered, elongating in fruit. Flowers white, tinged’ with
bright green at the base ; perianth-segments narrow, three outer 11—18
mm. long, 3—4 mm. broad, three inner 10—I7 mm. long, 4—6 mm.
broad. Stamens more than half as long as the perianth, three inner
filaments abruptly expanded near the base. Seeds rugose.

Fl. Aug.—Sept.

[Fig. 36. Map VI.]

37. O. hispidum Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 331; Sprengel Syst. II,
33: Kunth Enum. IV, 350; O. Bergii Schlechtendal Linnaea I, 253 ;
O. trichophyllum Bak. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XV Beiblatt 35, 7; O. miniatum
Schinz Bull. Herb. Boiss. II (1894) 223; Anthericum pilosum Jacq.
Coll. Suppl. 87. Ic. (ii) 18, t. 416; Willd. Sp. Pl. (ii), 140; R. & S. Syst.
VII, 480; Phalangium pilosum Poir. Eneycl. II, 244.

Plants 10—25 cm., rarely as much as 45 cm. high. Bulb globose
or depresso-globose 10—25 mm. diam., white, sometimes with grey,
papery outer tunics, frequently producing a ring of 6—8 bulbils at
the base. Leaves 2—4, usually 3, vaginate for 5—6 cm. from the base,
vagina hispid, hairs usually clustered appearing compound ; leaf sur-
faces hispid margins densely fringed with short cilia ; lowest leaf-blade
short, ovate or ovato-cordate 1—2 cm. long, 8—15 mm. broad, more
densely and persistently hispid than the upper leaves; upper leaves
lanceolate 5—8 cm. long, 10—12 mm. broad, apex often sub-acute ;
leaves quite shrivelled but often persisting at the flowering time. Jn-
florescence lax, 2—20 fid., bracts aristate from a broad clasping base,
usually as long as the pedicels, pedicels 1—2 cm. long, ascending at
flowering time, stiffly erect when in fruit. Perianth white on the upper
surface, somewhat suffused with green or brown or with a median green
or brown stripe on the under surface, segments spreading, often reflexing

140 The Journal of South African. Botany.

a little when fully open, obtuse or acute 1—2 em. long, 3—7 mm. broad.
Stamens about half as long as the perianth segments, three outer with
simple subulate filaments or only slightly expanded, three inner abruptly
expanded in the lower half, with lobed apices to the expansions. Ovary
ovoid, yellow or greenish yellow 3—4 mm. high, 2 mm. diam., style
slender 3—4 mm. long, stigma conspicuous, papillose. Seeds black,
echinate.

Hab. Cape Province. Cape Peninsula: Lion’s Head, Leighton 43 ;
Sea Point, Schlechter 133 ; Signal Hill, Marloth 9852 ; Table Mt., Groene
Kloof, Galpin 4770; Blinkwater Ravine, Marloth 8202b; Contour
Path, Penfold in S.A. Mus. 52167 ; Platteklip, Dwmmer 770 ; Camps Bay,
Zeyher 5048; Fish Hoek, Marloth 13304. Stellenbosch Div.: Stellen-
bosch, Duthie 260; Banhoek, Martley in Bolus Herb. 22766, 22792,
Compton 10347; Helderberg, Salter 4222, Galpin 12387. Caledon
Div.: Hermanus, Compton 14260, L. Guthrie in Bolus Herb. 17071,
17026, Potts in S.A. Mus. 5007; Vogelgat, Schlechter 9535; S. side of
French Hoek Pass, Hsterhuysen 5650. Worcester Div.: Villiersdorp,
near bridge over River Zonder Hinde, Gilleft 714. Tulbagh Div. : Winter-—
hoek, Pappe in S.A. Mus. 48448. Malmesbury Div.: Between Mamre
and Darling, L. Bolus in Bolus Herb. 20431 ; near Kalabas Kraal, Leighton
190. Clanwilliam Div.: Heuning Vlei, Hsterhuysen 7471; Matijes-
rivier, Leipoldt in Bolus Herb. 22711; Elands Kloof, Hsterhuysen 3958 ;
between Citrusdal and Keerom, Pillans 8668. Ceres Div. : Witzenberg,
Pillans 9567.

FI. Dec.—Feb.

[Fig. 37. Map VI.]

Forma f. Filaments of the outer whorl slightly broader than in
the typical form.

Hab. Caledon Div.: Caledon, Pappe in S.A. Mus. 48,443 ; near the
Baths, Caledon, Ll. Bolus in Bolus Herb. 19461, Leighton in Nat. Bot.
Gdns. 688/33 ; Palmiet River Valley, Stokoe 1217, in Bolus Herb. 17517.
Worcester Div.: Between Worcester and Botha’s Halt, L. Bolus in
Bolus Herb. 22712.

Forma y. Outer filaments slightly expanded very near the base:

Hab. Ceres Div.: Mitchell’s Pass, Bolus 5266, Hsterhuysen 6197 ;
near Ceres, L. Guthrie in Bolus Herb. 22793 ; between Gydo Pass and
Elands Kloof, Leighton in Bolus Herb. 22769.

[Map VI.]

Forma 8. Lower leaves with clustered hairs which appear in the
young leaf to be compound.

Hab. Cape Peninsula. Stinkwater Ravine, Marloth 8202; Contour
Path, Penfold in S.A. Mus. 52166; above Camps Bay, Marloth 8202b ;

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 141

Wynberg Hill, Penfold 279; Edinburgh Estate, Salter 8580; near
Kirstenbosch, Bolus 4515, Hsterhuysen 116, 664, Leighton in Bolus
Herb. 22720, 22721, Compton 14289; Orange Kloof, Wolley Dod, 3691 ;
Oudeschip, Middlemost in Nat. Bot. Gdns. 2179/24; Karbonkelberg,
Leighton 936; Constantiaberg, Schlechter in Bolus Herb. 7193; Klein
Constantia, Wolley Dod 751; Muizenberg, Bolus 3306; Kogelfontein,
Salter 8581 ; Arendskop, Compton 10313; Red Hill, Salter 8306, Lewis
in 8.A. Mus. 54920; Rooihoogte, Leighton 26, 375, Compton 15500.
Stellenbosch Div.: Jonkershoek, Lsterhuysen 9707, Compton 8349.
Paarl Div.: Du Toits Kloof, Hsterhuysen 9693; Berg River Hoek,
Compton 8349. Tulbagh Div.: Tulbagh Waterfall, Leighton in Bolus
Herb. 22768, Bolus 5265; Tulbagh Kloof, Zeyher 1682. Clanwilliam
Div.: Middelberg, Hsterhuysen 7387.

[Map VI.]

O. hispidum is a very variable species and owing to the fact that
it flowers during the summer, when collectors are less frequently in the
field, it has not been very carefully collected. The leaves if present are
very dry and brittle when the flowers appear and are usually lost.

The occasional occurrence of compound hairs on the vaginate leaf
bases of plants which have simple hairs on the leaves makes it very
difficult to separate the typical form and Forma 6. Thus it seems
advisable at present to retain these ill-assorted plants under one species
until characters can be investigated which will enable them to be sub-
divided mto species or varieties.

38. O., ciliatifolium Leighton sp. nov.

Plantae alt. ad 20 cm. Bulbus oblongo-globosus. Folia 2—3,
lanceolato-ovata, acuta, sparse pilosa, pilis longis, marginibus ciliatis,
basi vaginata. IJnflorescentia multiflora, densa ; bracteae membranaceae,
acuminatae; pedicelli adscendentes. Perianthii segmenta alba, tria
exteriora angusta, acuta, tria interiora obtusa. Stamina tria exteriora
vix ampliata, tria interiora basi abrupte expansa. Ovariwm ovoideum.
Semina atra, minute spinosa.

Hab. Cape Province. Little Namaqualand: Richtersveld, Dood-
kloof, L. E. Taylor in Bolus Herb. 22760 (Type).

Plants up to 20 em. high. Bulb oblong-globose about 1 cm. diam.
Leaves 2, rarely 3, up to 13 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, pilose with long
sparse hairs, margins finely ciliate. Inflorescence many-flowered, flowers
densely packed, flowering portion usually more than half the total
length ; bracts membranous longer than the pedicels ; pedicels 5—7 mm.
long. Perianth white, faintly striped with green on the under surface,
segments 9—10 mm. long, 3—3-5 mm. broad. Stamens a little more

142 The Journal of South African Botany.

than half as long as the perianth, outer filaments linear, inner abruptly
expanded in the lower half. Ovary ovoid, 3 mm. long, style and stigma
together 2-5 mm. long. Seeds black with minute spiny projections.
Fl. Oct.
[Fig. 38. Map VI]

39. O. rubescens Leighton sp. nov.
Plantae alt. ad 50 cm. saepe 20—30 em. Bulbus globosus vel depresso-
5, distantia, rubro-marcescentia, vaginis per

globosus, albus. Folia 3
3—10 cm. exsertis, interdum setosis, setis aggregatis brevibus, lamina
infima parva, inferne rubra, supera lata ovata, acuta, superiora lanceo-
lata, mucronata, pilosa vel glabra. Inflorescentia laxa parvi- vel multi-
flora, pedunculo basi rubroviride, bracteis membranaceis. Perianthii
segmenta ovata vel oboyata, reflexa. Filamenta linearia, erecta, tria
interiora latiora. Ovariwm ovoideum basi viride superne flavum. Stigma
papillosa, flava. Semina nigra, granulata.

Hab. Cape Province. Calvinia Div.: Brandkop, Stokoe 8584 (Type
in Bolus Herb.). Van Rhynsdorp Div.: Knechtsvlakte, Leipoldt 3883,
Esterhuysen 5956; between Bitterfontein and Van Rhynsdorp, Salter
1600; Hills 8.E. of Knechtsvlakte, Pillans 6341. Little Namaqualand,
Leipoldt 3355; 3 m. 8. of Steinkopf, Taylor 1197 ; Khamiesbergen nr.
Leliefontein, Hsterhuysen 2608 ; Bowesdorp, Thorne in §.A. Mus. 49984.

Plants up to 50 cm. high, more often 20—30 cm. Bulb white, globose
or depresso-globose, 2—4 cm. diam. Leaves 3—5, changing with age
from dull green to dark red, vaginate, superposed ; vagina sometimes
dotted with groups of short hairs; laminae varying in shape, lowest
a short collar-like structure about 5 mm. long, second ovate or cordate,
2 em. long, 15 mm. wide, upper lanceolate, often sparsely pilose, 3—10
em. long, 10—15 mm. broad, margins reddish, ciliate. Inflorescence
lax, few—many-flowered, peduncle reddish at the base only in the younger
stages, but predominantly red with age ; bracts membranous acuminate
from a broad base; pedicels 1—2 em. long. Flowers faintly scented.
Perianth-segments creamy-white to greenish-yellow, undersurfaces greenish
when young, deep red with age. Filaments erect linear, 5—8 mm.
long, three inner broader than the three outer. Ovary ovoid 3—5 mm.
high, 1:5—2 mm. diam.; style 2—4 mm. high, stigma conspicuous,
papillose. Seeds shiny black, surface granular.

Fl. Aug.—Nov.

[Fig. 39. Map. V1I.]

The type was grown at the Bolus Herbarium and is larger than

specimens in the wild state.

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 143

40. OQ. Richardii Leighton in S.A. Gard. XXIII 61 (1933).

Plants up to 20 em., usually 10—15 em., high. Bulb ovoid 10—15
mm. diam. produced into a short neck. Leaves 2—4, vaginate, super-
posed, up to 2 cm. long, 3—4 mm. broad, margins hyaline fringed with
short hairs; on either side of the margin is a second fringe of longer,
sparser cilia, only the remains of shrivelled leaves present at the flowering
time. Inflorescence lax, usually 1—3 flowered, sometimes 6—8 flowers.
Peduncle wiry; bracts membranous, short, broad, apex cuspidate ;
pedicels 1O—15 mm. long. Perianth pinky cream faintly veined with
green, only opening fully towards evening, segments oblong somewhat
obtuse 10—12 mm. long, 3—4 mm. broad. Stamens erect, almost
as long as the perianth segments, filaments widely expanded in the lower
half, apices of these expansions divided into many curved, pointed out-
growths. Ovary ovoid 5 mm. long, style and stigma slender 4 mm.

Meh

40. O. Richardii. 41. O. bicornutum. (All figures x 2.)

Hab. Cape Province. Gt. Bushmanland, Kakamas, Fuller 136
(Type), Fuller in Herb. Marloth 13722; between Upington and Ken-
hardt, Lewis in S.A. Mus. 53307; Vuurdood, Schlechter 11477. Little
- Namaqualand, Blaustaasie, Pearson in Sladen Mem. Exped. 5891 ;
Steinkopf, Meyer in Herb. Marloth 6673 and 13365 ; South-West Africa,
Klein Karas, Dinter 4987.

Fl. Sept.—Dec.

[Fig. 40. Map. VI.]

41. O. bicornutum Leighton sp. nov.

Planta alt. ad 12 cm. Bulbus ovoideus vel globosus in collum pro-
ductus. Folia vaginata, marginibus ciliatis. Inflorescentia pauciflora.
Perianthii segmenta albida, angusta. Wilamenta basibus expansis
bicornutis. Ovarium ovoideum.

Hab. Cape Province. Calvinia Div.: 51 miles on road from Brand-
vlei to Calvinia, Esterhuysen 4007 (Type in Bolus Herb. and Nat. Herb.
Pretoria). Little Namaqualand, Low koppie opposite Bowesdorp,
Pearson 5847 (Sladen Mem. Exped.).

144 The Journal of South African Botany.

Plants up to 12 cm. high. Bulb ovoid or globose 10—15 mm. diam.,
produced into a short neck. Leaves vaginate, margins almost smooth
to densely ciliate. Inflorescence slender few-flowered, peduncle wiry,
pedicels spreading, less than 1 cm. long, bracts short and broad. Perianth
whitish, segments narrow somewhat obtuse, 6—7 mm. long, 1-5—2 mm.
broad. Stamens almost as long as the perianth, filaments abruptly
expanded near the base, apices of the expansions horned. Ovary ovoid,
style slender, stigma conspicuous, papillose.

Fl. Oct.—Dec.

[Fig. 41. Map VI.]

This species is closely related to O. Richardw, differing only in the
size of the flowers and the nature of the filaments.

42. O. karooicum Leighton in Journ. S.A. Bot. IX 110; O. distans
L. Bolus in Fl. Pl. S.A. pl. 870.

Plants 10—26 cm. high, sometimes more. Bulb globose about 1 cm.
diam. Leaves 3—4, hairy, margins densely fringed with short hairs,
vaginate at the base; the vagina has dark green spots which turn red-
brown on drying, and sparse, spreading hairs; lowest leaf ovate 1 cm.
long, 6 mm. broad, upper leaves lanceolate, 3 cm. long, 1 cm. broad.
Inflorescence 2—12-flowered, bracts membranous, attenuate, from a
broad base, pedicels 1O—15 mm. long. Perianth-segments 10O—15 mm.
long, 3—4 mm. broad, obtuse, white with a median green stripe on
the under surface. Filaments subulate, rather more than half as long
as the perianth-segments, three inner slightly broader at the base than
the three outer. Style and stigma 3 mm. long. Ovary 3 mm. long.
Seeds black, angled, rugose with obtuse papillae.

Hab. Cape Province. Laingsburg Div.: Cabidu Farm, Compton
12109 (Type) ; Karoo Garden, Whitehill, Barker in Bolus Herb. 22713,
Compton 14656, Archer in Bolus Herb. 22718; Matjesfontein Karoo,
Compton 3584, Marloth 10761; near Matjesfontein, Bolus 13450 ;
Snyders Kloof, Matjesfontein, Foley 143; Matjesfontein, Humbert
26804, 26494. Clanwilliam Div. : Krantzvlei, Gillett 4033 ; Wupperthal,
MacOwan 3235; Clanwilliam, Leipoldt 544.

Fl. Aug.—Oct.

[Fig. 42. Map. VI.]

43. O. Salteri Leighton sp. nov.

Plantae alt. 6—26 cm. SBulbus globosus vel depresso-globosus,
diam. I1—2 em. Folia 3—5, vaginata, superposita, rubescentia, glabra
vel sparse hispida vel velutina, marginibus minute fimbriatis vel integris ;
lamina infima cordata, supera lanceolata. Inflorescentia pauci- vel
multiflora, pedicellis brevibus, adscendentibus vel erectis. Perianthii

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 145

segmenta angusta, obtusa vel subacuta, superne albida, inferne viridia
vel rubescentia. Filamenta tria exteriora linearia, tria interiora basi
vix expansa. Ovarium ovoideum, stylo cum stigmate longius.

Hab. Cape Province. Clanwilliam Div.: 4 m. E. of Graafwater,
Salter 2792. Piquetberg Div.: 24 m. S.E. of Redelinghuys, Pillans
7720 (Type in Bolus Herb.) ; near Sauer, Leighton 159 ; near Het Kruis,
Barker 2589. Tulbagh Div.: Quartz patch, Porterville Road, Lewis in
Bolus Herb. 22089. Worcester Div.: Foot of hills near Worcester,
Esterhuysen 10126.

Plants from 6—26 em. high. Bulb globose or depresso-globose,
whitish. Leaves 3—5, vaginate, superposed, reddish on the underface
or with age, glabrous, rarely with minute clusters of hairs on the vagina
of the lowest leaf, or finely and sparsely pilose on the upper leaves,

42. O. karooicum. 43. O. Salteri. 44. O. thermophilum. (All figures x 2.)

or velvetty, margins ciliate or quite smooth; lowest lamina cordate,
up to 1 em. in length and breadth, upper laminae lanceolate, 2—6 cm.
long, 2—6 mm. broad, apex acute or sub-acute. Inflorescence slender,
bracts often as long as, or longer than, the pedicels. Perianth-segments
white, greenish or red on the under surface, narrow, obtuse or sub-acute.
Stamens more than half as long as the perianth, 3 outer linear, 3 inner
slightly expanded near the base.

Fl. Sept.—Oct.

[Fig. 43. Map VI]

44. 0. thermophilum Leighton sp. nov.

Plantae alt. ad 30cm. Bulbus globosus vel depresso-globosus. Folia
2—4, vaginata, lanceolata, hispida, marginibus fimbriatis. Inflorescentia
pauci- vel multiflora; pedicelli breves. Perianthii segmenta alba, obtusa

146 The Journal of South African Botany.

vel subacuta, inferne viride-vittata. Stamina subaequalia. Ovariwm
ovoideum. Semina atra, papillis brevibus obtusis.

Hab. Cape Province. Clanwilliam Div.: Nieuwoudt Pass, Ceder-
berg Mts., Hsterhuysen 7163 (Type in Bolus Herb.), Compton 12678 ;
Grootkliphuis, Leipoldt 3354; Elandskloof, Hsterhuysen 4141; Brak-
fontein, Pappe in S.A. Mus. 48435. Piquetberg Div.: Pickeniers
Kloof, Theiler 52; Elandsvlei, Barker 290; De Hoek, Leighton 157,
Barker 2935; Moutons Vlei, Marloth 11495; nr. Het Kruis, Leighton
191; Sauer, Barker 2663, Leighton 155; Bosch Kloof, Barker 2649 ;
Piquetberg Mt., upper slopes, Zinn in 8.A. Mus. 54624. Malmesbury
Div.: nr. Darling on rocky outcrop, Leighton 158. Tulbagh Div. :
Nieuwekloof, Schlechter 9041 ; Tulbagh, Marloth 9949 ; between Tulbagh
and Wolseley, Salter 5104. Ceres Div.: Mitchell’s Pass, Hsterhuysen
5633, Compton 10111; Laken Vlei, Phillips 2087 (Nat. Herb. 11887) ;
Ceres, Way in Bolus Herb. 22948. Worcester Div.: Hex River Valley,
MacOwan 3350, Tyson 745; Davidson 22 (S.A. Mus. 143 and 3786.)

Plants 15—30 em. high. Bulb 1—2 cm. diam. Leaves 2—4, vaginate,
superposed, hispid, hairs may be simple or clustered to appear com-
pound, sparse or forming a dense covering, margins densely fringed,
lowest leaf broad, ovate or cordate, about 1 cm. long, upper leaves
lanceolate 2—4 em. long, 5—10 mm. broad. Inflorescence 2—20-flowered,,.
bracts membranous, shorter than the pedicels, pedicels 8—12 mm. long.
Perianth-segments obtuse or sub-acute, white with a median green stripe
on the under surface. which fades to red brown, 3 outer segments 10 mm.
long, 2-5 mm. broad, 3 inner 9 mm. long, 3 mm. broad. Stamens more
than half as long as the perianth segments, filaments linear slightly
broader at the base than at the apex, 3 inner filaments broader and
longer than the 3 outer. Ovary ovoid, style and stigma together longer
than the ovary, stigma conspicuously papillose. Seeds black with
short blunt papillae.

Fl. Sept.—Dec.

[Fig. 44. Map VI.]

This species shows very similar variations to O. hispidum Hornem.
in the character of the leaves. It has not been possible to sort out the
variants into forms or varieties since they flower in mid-summer when
the leaves are shrivelled and often partly, or completely lacking. When
more material is available it may be possible to separate either as a
variety, or a distinct species the Piquetberg—Darling forms, which flower
much earlier than those from further inland.

45. O. longiseapum Bak. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2nd Ser. I, 854.
Plants 30—60 cm. high. Bulb globose, 1—2 em. diam. Leaves

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 147

3—5, vaginate, lowest leaf or leaves may be little more than sheaths,
often sparsely pilose, upper leaves lanceolate, usually glabrous, 10—
30 cm. long, 5—20 mm. broad near the base. Inflorescence dense, many-
flowered, bracts ovate-cuspidate ; pedicels 3—5 mm. long, shorter than
the bracts. Perianth-segments, whitish or greenish-yellow with a green
median stripe, slightly cucullate and barbate at the apex 7—10 mm.
long, 2—3 mm. broad. Stamens 5—7 mm. long, lanceolate, 3 inner
broader than 3 outer. Ovary ovoid. Style slender, stigma papillose,
together as long as the ovary.

Hab. Cape Province. Alexandria Div.: Klipfontein, Galpin in
Nat. Herb. 10738. Bathurst Div.: Trapps Valley, Daly 606; Kowie,

. longiscapum
- attenuatum
. crispifolium

. Bolusianum

- Bolusianum forma B
py
»

. natalense

- pilesum
- pullatum

PORT ELIZABETH

MAP VII.

L. L. Britten 5578. Queenstown Div.: Gwatyu, Galpin 8193. Basuto-
land, Measite, Dieterlen 1038b; Berea Mt., Dieterlen 1038.

Natal. Vryheid Div.: Lancaster Hill, Galpin 9695. Estcourt
Div. : Tabamhlope Res. Station, West 554, 555; Mahwaga Mt., Hvans
644; Weenen, West 1443; Howick, Medley Wood 5454. (From type
locality.)

This species merges with O. attenuatum Leighton. Baker cites Wood
5354 as his type.

It is linked with O. Bolusianum Bak. forma « (O. Galpiniw Bak.)
from which it differs chiefly in size, and in the density of the inflorescence.

Fl. Nov.—May.

148 The Journal of South African Botany.
[Fig. 45. Map VII.]

46. O. attenuatum Leighton in Journ. S.A. Bot. IX, 112. 0.
angustifolium L. Bolus in 8.A. Gard. XXIV (1934) 50.

Plants up to 90 em. high, usually 30—50 em. Bulb globose or ovoid,
10—25 mm. diam. Leaves 2—5, vaginate, vagina often ciliate especially
when young, lamina attenuate, thin usually glabrous but sometimes
ciliate or pilose, up to 25 em. long, 4—12 mm. broad. Inflorescence
many-flowered, compact, elongating considerably at the fruiting stage ;
bracts membranous, cuspidate from a broad base, up to 9 mm. long ;
pedicels 5—6 mm. long, rarely longer than the bracts. Perianth-segments
spreading, white with a median green stripe (often very indistinct) on
the under surface, sub-acute up to 1 cm. long, three outer 3 mm., three
inner 4 mm. broad. Stamens up to 7 mm. long, filaments all expanded,
three inner about twice as broad as the three outer. Ovary ovoid, 3—4
mm. long, style and stigma as long as or slightly longer than the ovary,
stigma papillose. Seeds black, angled, rugose.

Hab. Cape Province. Clanwilliam Div.: Sandveld between Grey’s
Pass and Graafwater, Leipoldt 3249 ; Cederberg, Stokoe 7321; between
Citrusdal and Clanwilliam, Hsterhuysen 1420; Olifants River and at
Villa Brakfontein, Ecklon and Zeyher; ad Brakfontein, Pappe in 8.A.
Mus. 48451 (probably collected by Ecklon and Zeyher since there is no
evidence that Pappe went to the Clanwilliam District). Piquetberg
Div.: Piquetberg, Van Zyl in Nat. Bot. Gdns. 2818/27; St. Helena-
fontein, L. Bolus in Bolus Herb. 22873. Tulbagh Div.: Tulbagh,
Pappe in 8.A. Mus. 23380. Paarl Div.: Wemmershoek, Salter in Bolus
Herb. 22946; Bains Kloof, Schlechter 9121. Cape Div.: Kanonberg,
near Durbanville, Salter 1914 ; Vygekraal, Wolley Dod, 317, 2291 ; (Cape
Peninsula) near Hertzog, Retreat, Wolley Dod 2305; between Smits-
winkel and Olifantsbosch, Salter 4259 ; Lower Klasjagers River, Galpin
12736; Arendskop, Compton 10312; Kenilworth Racecourse, Salter
7138; Keurboom Park, Adamson 3495; Table Mt., Jubilee Buttress,
Esterhuysen 11388, ledges on Porcupine Buttress, Hsterhuysen 11396,
Africa Ravine, Hsterhuysen 11496. Caledon Div.: Sandy Flats, Danger
Point, Pillans 9540; Aries Kraal, Leighton 954. Swellendam Div. :
Between Bonnievale and Barrydale, Hurling and Neil in Bolus Herb.
22871; between Ladismith and Barrydale, Hurling and Neil in Bolus
Herb. 22872. Montagu Div.: Montagu Baths, Guthrie 2780. Rivers-
dale Div.: Still Bay, LZ. Bolus in Bolus Herb. 20975 (Type) ; Corente
River Farm, Mwir in Herb. Galpin 5399; near Riversdale, Mwir 2940 ;
Onverwacht, Albertinia, Muir 1161. Worcester Div.: Hex River

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 149

Valley, Davidson 30 (S.A. Mus. 140) ; Moraine Kloof, Esterhuysen 9391.
Laingsburg Div.: Bantams Karoo, Compton 12152. Prince Albert
Div.: Bezemfontein, Andreae 1325. Oudtshoorn Div.: Near Cango
Caves, Bolus 12412. Mossel Bay Div.: Between Gouritz Mouth and
Cooper Siding, James 334644 ; Mossel Bay, Black in Herb. Marloth
7378. George Div.: Guthrie 4385. Knysna Div. : Knysna, Duthie
1149; Keurbooms River, Fourcade 6279. Uniondale Div.: Twee
Rivieren, EHsterhuysen 7060; De Vlugt, Keurbooms River, Fourcade
6270. Humansdorp Div.: Eerste Rivier, Fourcade 2370.

Fl. Sept.—Jan.

[Fig. 46. Map. VIT.]

This species merges with O. longiscapum and it is doubtful whether
they are really distinct.

45. O. longiseapum. 46. O. attenuatum. 47. O. crispifolium.
48. O. Bolusianum. 49. O. natalense. (All figures x 2.)

47. O. erispifolium Leighton sp. nov.

Plantae alt. ad 30 cm. Bulbus globosus vel depresso-globosus,
10—15 mm. diam. Folia 3—4, vaginata, superposita, laminis puberulis
vel glabris, marginibus crispulatis, ciliatis longis. Inflorescentia multi-
flora; bracteae e basi lata apiculatae. Perianthii segmenta albida,
externe roseata vel cinnamomea, vittis medianis saturatioribus, apicibus
leviter cucullatis. Stamina erecta, subulata, tria interiora latiora.

150 The Journal of South African Botany.

Ovarium ovoideum, viride, stylo stigmateque albis. Capsula oblonga,
semina atra, rugosa, angulata.

Hab. Cape Province. Laingsburg Div.: Whitehill Ridge, Leighton
270 (Type in Bolus Herb. and Herb. Nat. Bot. Gdns.), Compton 14655 ;
Matjesfontein, nr. station on Dwyka, Marloth 10759, 9837, 9587 ; Dwars-
in-den-Weg, Marloth 9841, Bantams Karoo, Compton 12152.

Plants up to 30 usually about 20 cm. high. Bulb globose or depresso-
globose, 1O—15 mm. diam. Leaves 3—4, vaginate, the lowest is often
merely a sheath without a lamina, the second leaf cordate, 1 cm. long,
1 cm. broad, third and fourth ovate or lanceolate, up to 5 em. long,
1 cm. broad; margins much crisped usually with widely spaced, fine
cilia, surfaces covered with fine downy hairs at least when young ;
occasionally the plant is entirely glabrous. Inflorescence many-flowered,
fairly dense; bracts apiculate from a broad base, shorter than the
pedicels ; pedicels 5—8 mm. long. Perianth-segments whitish above,
pink or cinnamon beneath with median stripe of a deeper shade, 8—12
mm. long, 2—3 mm. broad, apices slightly cucullate. Filaments subequal
subulate. Ovary ovoid green, style and stigma white, together as long
as the ovary.

Fl. Oct.—Nov.

[Fig. 47. Map VIL]

This species shows affinities with O. Bolusianum, Forma y which
occurs in the Oudtshoorn Div., and Forma 6 from Port Elizabeth.

48. O. Bolusianum Bak. Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII, 279.

Plants up to 30, usually 15—20 cm. high. Bulb ovoid or globose
7—l14 mm. diam. Leaves 2—3, vaginate, entirely glabrous or with
ciliate margins, or setose in varying degrees ; lowest leaf ovate or cordate
up to 25 mm. long, up to 15 mm. broad ; upper leaves ovate, lanceolate
or ligulate, 2—10 cm. long, 5—12 mm. broad. Peduncle slender, wiry,
often flexuose. Inflorescence lax, up to 20-flowered ; bracts acuminate
from a broad base, shorter than the pedicels ; pedicels ascending, 5—10
mm. long. Perianth-seyments white, with a median green stripe on
the under surface, 6—8 mm. long, 2—2-5 mm. broad. Stamens more
than half as long as the perianth, outer filaments linear lanceolate, inner
filaments lanceolate, twice as broad as the outer. Ovary ovoid, as long
as the style and stigma together.

Hab. Cape Province. Graaff-Reinet Div.: Hills round Graaff-
Reinet, Sept., 1871, Bolus 22951 (Lectotype, published by Baker under
Bolus 96 which comprises three separate collectings—see under). Albany
Div.: Alicedale, Cruden 131 (Alb. Mus. Herb.) ; Cradock Rd.—Karoo
Flats towards Carlisle Bridge, Dyer 2107, 3007.

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 151

Fl. Sept.—Dec.

[Fig. 48. Map VII.]

Forma f. O. pubescens Bak. Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII, 282.

Hab. Cape Province. Graaff-Reinet Div.: Hills behind Schimper’s
Woolwashery, Aug. 30th, 1865, Bolus 22995. Albany Div.: Alicedale,
Cruden 48; Grahamstown, Daly & Sole 345, Rogers 4424. Bathurst
Div.: Kareiga River, L. L. Britten 2503. Uitenhage Div.: Coerney,
Paterson 67. Victoria East Div. : Naude’s Hoek, near Alice, Giffen 780.
Oudtshoorn Div.: Rust en Vrede, Marloth 12138; Cango, Bolus 22950.
Prince Albert Div.: Near Prince Albert, Bolus 12409.

[Map VII.]

Forma ¥. Short densely setose leaves.

Hab. Oudtshoorn Div.: Cango Valley, Marloth 14085.

[Map VII.]

Forma 6. Leaves setose, margins crisped and often densely ciliate.

Hab. Uitenhage Div.: Kamaehs, near Port Elizabeth, Paterson
438; Redhouse, Rogers 2128, Paterson 2629. In solo carroides ad
Zwartkops River, Nov., S.A. Mus. 23413. (Attributed to Pappe in
S.A. Mus. but he is not known to have gone farther East than George.
This is almost certainly an Ecklon & Zeyher collection.

[Map. VII.]

Forma «. O. Galpinii Bak. Fl. Cap. VI, 516. Leaves tougher
and longer, plants, in general, larger, peduncles stouter.

Hab. Queenstown Div.: Mt. sides, moist places, 4,000 ft., Galpin
1552 B.- Somerset East Div.: Klyn Visch River, MacOwan 1838,
1897.

[Map VII.]

Forma « is intermediate between this species and O. longiscapum Bak.

O. trichophyllum as described by Baker in Engl. Jahrb. XV, Heft
3, 7, might be either Forma y or 6.

O. Bolusianum Bak. is based on Bolus 96, which, in the Bolus Herb-
arium consists of three separate collectings, viz. :—

1. Hills round Graaff-Reinet, Sept., 1871. This agrees with the
description except for the fact that the leaves are glabrous with
minutely ciliate margins. I have selected this as the lectotype
and given it the Bolus Herbarium number 22951.

2. Hill behind Schimper’s Woolwashery, Graaff-Reinet, Aug. 30th,
1865. This seems to represent the species which is called O.
pubescens, and which I regard as a form of O. Bolusianum.

3. Oudeberg, 3750 ft., 5 Dec., 1865. This probably represents an
imperfect specimen of O. comptum.

152 The Journal of South African Botany.

49. O. natalense Bak. Kew Bull., 1893, 210.

Plants 5—15 cm. high. Bulb ovoid, 5—10 mm. diam. Leaves
2—3, lowest ovate-lanceolate, upper lanceolate, sparsely pilose, 3—10
em. long, 4—12 mm. broad, margins conspicuously ciliate. Inflorescence
scarcely exceeding the leaves, bracts long-acuminate from a broad base,
longer than the ascending pedicels. Perianth-segments white, faintly
striped with green on the under surface, 10—12 mm. long, 3—3-:5 mm.
broad, somewhat cucullate at the apex. Stamens more than half as
long as the perianth, filaments linear, three inner longer and wider than
the three outer. Ovary obconic, style slender, about as long as the
ovary.

Hab. Natal. Bamboo Mt., Underberg, McClean 694 (Natal Herb.
29514) ; Amawahqua Mt., Medley Wood 4567 (Type).

Fl. Mar.—April.

[Fig. 49. Map VII.]

50. O. pilosum L. f. Suppl. 199. Thunb. Prodr. 61; Fl. Cap. 313 ;
Kunth Enum. IV. 370; Bak. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII 282. O. mun-
dianum Kunth Enum. IV, 351.

Plants 15—40 cm. high. Bulb globose 10—25 mm. diam., with
brittle, black, shiny outer tunics which are often produced to form a
short neck. Leaves 3—5, lanceolate to linear, vaginate at the base,
lower surface sometimes pilose, upper surface glabrous, up to 20 cm.
long and 1 cm. broad, shrivelled and often completely absent at the
flowering time, apex acute or subacute, margins ciliate, at least in the
young leaves, cilia short and sparse. Peduncle often flexuose, minutely
punctate when dried, bracts aristate from a broad base, pedicels spread-
ing in flower, incurved in fruit. Perianth segments creamy-white
above, greenish or brownish on the under surface, 7—10 mm. long,
3—4 mm. broad. Stamens more than half as long as the perianth,
3 outer filaments linear, 3 inner gradually expanded towards the base
about twice as broad as the outer. Ovary ovoid or obovoid, about
4 mm. long, style and stigma 3 mm. Seeds black with spiny papillae.

Hab. Cape Province. Piquetberg Div.: Berg River Bridge, L.
Bolus in Bolus Herb. 22751; nr. Berg River Station, Leighton 193 ;
bottom of Versfeld’s Pass, Pillans 7121; near Piquetberg, Bolus 13655.
Tulbagh Div.: Tulbagh, Marloth 9838; Winterhoek, Bolus 5267 ;
Steendaal, Pappe in S.A. Mus. 23349; Nieuwekloof, MacOwan 3233.
Ceres Div.: Rosendalfontein, Pillans 9568. Cape Div.: Cape Penin-
sula, Roodebloem, Zeyher 5049 (in S.A. Mus. 23347) ; Signal Hill, above
Tamboers Kloof, Michell in Bolus Herb. 16777; Lion’s Flank, Penfold
101. Worcester Div.: Rabiesberg, Van der Gaast, in Nat. Bot. Gdns,

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 153

2673/35 ; nr. Worcester, L. Bolus in Bolus Herb. 22722, Marloth 12563 ;
Waaihoek, Hsterhuysen 8279; De Doorns, Bolus 13061; Hex River,
Davidson 6 (in S.A. Mus. 11). Swellendam Div.: Barrydale, Galpin
4766. Riversdale Div.: Corente River Farm, Mwir in Herb. Galpin
5397; near Riversdale Schlechter 1894.

Fl. Sept.—Nov.

[Fig. 50. Map VII.]

51. O. pullatum Leighton sp. nov.

Plantae alt. ad 30 em. Bulbus ovoideus, 15—20 mm. diam. tunicis
duris nigris in collo productis. Folia 3—4, vaginata, lanceolata, acuta
long. 5—8 cm., lat. 5—12 mm., marginibus dense ciliatis. Inflorescentia
pauciflorata, pedunculo siccato punctato, flexuoso ; bracteae aristatae.
Perianthii segmenta supera albida, infera fusca vel viridia, patentia.
Filamenta tria exteriora linearia, tria interiora vix basiexpansa. Ovariwm
ovoideum ; stylus excentricus, ovario multo longior.

50

Iss OOa 54

50. O. pilosum. 51. O. pullatum. (All figures x 2.)

Hab. Cape Province. Calvinia Div.: Hills N. of Calvinia, Marloth
12780 (Type); Marloth 10269; sine loc., Marloth 9854.

Plants up to 30 cm. high. Bulb ovoid with hard, shiny, black outer
tunics, which are produced into a neck 2—4 cm. long. Leaves 3—4,
vaginate, lanceolate, acute with ciliate margins, cilia long, fine and
fairly dense. Inflorescence few-flowered, peduncle finely spotted in the
dry state, bracts aristate less than half the length of the pedicels, pedicels
spreading at flowering time. Perianth-segments spreading, acute or
subacute, whitish on the upper surface, brownish or tinged with green
on the lower, 9—10 mm. long, 3—3-5 mm. broad. Stamens more than
half the length of the perianth segments, three outer filaments linear,
three inner slightly expanded towards the base. Ovary ovoid 3 mm.
high, style and stigma excentric, 5 mm. long.

Hee Wee

[Fig. 51. Map VII.]

This species has been described fom dried material which would
have been inadequate but for the detailed notes attached to his herbarium
sheets by the late Dr. Rudolf Marloth.

154 The Journal of South African Botany.

The affinity of O. pullatum is with O. pilosum, from which it differs
in the relative length of the ovary and style and in the nature of the
ciliation on the leaf margins.

52. O. subulatum Bak. in Gard. Chron. 1874 I, 723. O. comptum
Bak. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII, 274 (in part).

Plants up to 30 cm. high. Bulb globose or depresso-globose, 10—20
mm. diam., produced into a neck composed of fibrous old leaf bases.
Leaves 3—6, linear channelled down the face, soft, often as long as the
inflorescence when fully developed, 1—2 mm. diam., minutely denticulate
near the base. Inflorescence few—many-flowered ; bracts membranous
broad, deltoid-cuspidate ; pedicels 2—3 mm. long, erect or ascending.
Perianth-segments white with a median greenish or brown stripe, obtuse
5—6 mm. long 1:5—2 mm. broad. Stamens a little more than half
as long as the perianth, filaments linear-lanceolate or lanceolate. Ovary
ovoid, style and stigma together as long as the ovary.

Hab. Cape Province. Uitenhage Div.: Zwartkops River, Hcklon &
Zeyher 939, 1066 ; Redhouse, Paterson 2630, 226. Somerset East Div. :
Somerset East, MacOwan 1965 (Type); Boschberg, MacOwan 2067,
1843. Albany Div. : Grahamstown, Daly 849, Daly & Sole 436, Leipoldt
4121; Brak Kloof, White 139; farm ~“ Strowan”’, L. L. Britten 6577 ;
Upper Gletwyn, Dyer 3311 ; Alicedale, Cruden 176 ; Trapps Valley, Daly
583. King Wm’s. Town Div.: Hogsback Mt., Rattray 209; Middle-
drift, Crampton 116 (in Herb. Albany Mus.).

Fl. Nov.—Jan.

[Fig. 52. Map VIII.]

The following specimens are similar to those cited above but very
much larger in every respect, suggesting the occurrence of polyploidy.

Uitenhage Div.: Van Staaden’s, Paterson 868. Albany Div. :
Stone’s Hill, Daly 534; Grahamstown, Rogers 27407 ; Alicedale, Cruden
Oe

53. O. comptum Bak. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII, 274; Fl. Cap.
VI, dll.

Plants 15—40 cm. high. Bulb globose or depresso-globose, 10—25
mm. diam. with brown or greyish leathery tunics, often crowned with
fibres from old leaf bases which sometimes form a neck. Leaves few—
many, synanthous, linear, expanded slightly near the base where they
clasp the peduncle, veins prominent in the dried state, 5—40 cm. long,
base 3—5 mm. broad, 1—2-5 mm. broad above, apex obtuse or sub-
acute, margins, at least in the lower part, minutely ciliate or denticulate.
Inflorescence few—many-flowered ; bracts deltoid or ovate, with a long

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 155

cusp, as long as, or longer than, the pedicels ; pedicels 2—6 cm. long.
Perianth-segments white with a median stripe, greenish when young,
red-brown with age, obtuse, 6—8 mm. long, 2—3 mm. broad. Stamens
a little more than half as long as the perianth, three outer filaments
linear-lanceolate, three inner lanceolate. Ovary ovoid or obovoid, style
and stigma together about as long as the ovary.

Hab. Uitenhage Div. : Zwartkops River, Ecklon & Zeyher 942 (Lecto-
type); Enon, Thode A 1136; Aloes, J. L. Drege 3137; Redhouse,
Paterson 254, 254a; Coega, Rogers 2118. Port Elizabeth Div.: Hills

. subulatum
- comptum

. comptum forma 8

10

» €
oZ
y

- graminifolium

. oliganthum

. langebergense
leptophyllum

. juncifolium

. brevifolium

PORT ELIZABETH

MAP VIII.

N.E. of Port Elizabeth, Long 882; North-end Cemetery, Long 138.
Albany Div.: Upper Gletwyn, Dyer 3350. Bathurst Div. : Southwell,
Schonland 3325.

Fl. Nov.—Feb.

[Fig. 52. Map VIII.]

Forma f. Plants larger and coarser, inflorescence denser.

Hab. Albany Div.: Howieson’s Poort, Galpin 3096. Somerset
East Div.: Boschberg, MacOwan 1843. Tembuland, Bazeia, Baur 393.

[Map VIII.] :

Forma y. Leaves conspicuously thickened on the margins and
with prominent nerves, broader than in Forma £8, 2—4 mm. broad.

156 The Journal of South African Botany.

Hab. Uniondale Div.: Hot Springs, Hsterhuysen 6354. Laingsburg
Div.: Matjesfontein, LZ. Bolus in Nat. Bot. Gdns. 225/14. Prince
Albert Div.: Prince Albert, Mathews in Nat. Bot. Gdns. 4415/14.
Middelburg Div.: Bangor Farm, H. H. Bolus in Bolus Herb. 14079.

[Map VIII.]

Forma 6. Leaves longer, narrower and less rigid than in the typical
form, often flexuose, much shorter than the inflorescence.

Hab. Knysna Div. : Springfield, Fourcade 2007 ; Belvidere, Fourcade
502; Plettenberg Bay, Pappe in S.A. Mus. 23374. Riversdale Div. :
Garcia’s Pass, L. Bolus in Bolus Herb. 19506; Riversdale, Muir in Herb.
Marloth s.n. Mossel Bay Div.: Bolus 22961. Swellendam Div.: In
campis carroid, Pappe in S.A. Mus. 23368.

[Map. VIII.]

Forma «. Leaves long and wiry almost glabrous. Inflorescence
dense.

Hab. Uniondale Div.: Hills N.E. of Avontuur, Fourcade 4543.
Knysna Div-: Knysna, Duthie in Nat. Bot. Gdns. 166/15 ; Wilderness,
Compton 17454 ; Rocks above the Heads, James 1645. Riversdale Div. :
Hills near Riversdale, Muir 3153. Caledon Div.: Mossel River, Her-
manus, Guthrie in Bolus Herb. 17027.

[Map VIII.]

Forma & Very similar to the typical but leaves slightly narrower,
almost glabrous, flowers larger.

Hab. George Div.: Near George, Schlechter 2233. Bredasdorp Div. :
Mierkraal, Schlechter 10528. Caledon Div. : Riviersondereinde, Schlechter

9845.
Fl. Dee.—March.
[Map VIII.]

54. O. graminifolium Thunb. Prodr. 61. Flor. Cap. edit. Schultes,
313; Kunth Enum. IV, 358; Bak. Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII, 274 (in
part); Bak. Fl. Cap. VI,/511 (in part).

Plants 30—50 em. high. Bulb globose, 1—2 cm. diam. produced
into a neck 5—10 em. long, covered with a sheath of fibrous leaf bases.
Leaves 3—6, synanthous but often shrivelled near the tips at flowering
time, narrow, semiterete, wiry, grooved down the upper surface, 20—60
em. long, 1—1-5 mm. broad, flattened near the base and clasping the
peduncle within the neck-sheath. Inflorescence 2—10-flowered, narrow,
peduncle wiry, pedicels 3—7 mm. long, bracts broad, narrowed abruptly
at the apex into an awn, usually exceeding the pedicels. Perianth-
segments spreading, obtuse, creamy-white with a faimt green median
stripe on the under surface, about 10 mm. long, 3—3:5 mm. broad.

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 157

Stamens a little shorter than the perianth, filaments lanceolate, sub-
equal. Ovary green, obovoid, narrowed considerably at the base,
style and stigma as long as the ovary, stigma papillose.

Hab. Cape Province. Cape Div.: Doornhoogte, Cape Flats, Zeyher
1681; Brackenfel, Hsterhuysen 4060; (Cape Peninsula) Kenilworth
Race Course, Bolus 7052, Salter 5787, 8606; Bergvliet, Marloth 8406 ;
Steenberg Plateau, Goulimis in Bolus Herb. 22959 ; Modderdam, Salter
8601 ; near Cirkels Vlei, Salter 3045 B; Patrys Vlei, Salter 8603 ; Marsh
W. of Paulsberg, Salter 5956. Stellenbosch Div.: Jonkershoek, Ester-
huysen 8378; Helderberg, LHsterhuysen 7673; Somerset Sneeukop,
Stokoe 9195 ; Sir Lowry’s Pass, Compton 14218. Caledon Div.: Sugar
Loaf Mt., Stokoe 8856; Palmiet River Mouth, Levyns in Bolus Herb.
22960; near Rooi Els, Pillans 8273. Paarl Div.: Drakenstein Valley,
Esterhuysen 9525 ; French Hoek For. Reserve, Leighton 1001.

The following specimens are very similar to O. leptophyllum but on
account of the longer, bent neck I prefer to place them in O. gramini-
folium Thunb.

Somerset East Div.: Middleton, Rogers in B.H. 12940. Victoria
East Div.: Alice, “Dal Eendracht”’, Giffen in Bolus Herb. 2307B.
Stutterheim Div.: Dohne Research Stn., Acocks 9449. Komgha Div. :
Near Komgha, Flanagan 2246. Queenstown Div. : Hopewell, Katberg,
Galpin 8391.

Fl. Nov.—Mar.

[Fig. 54. Map. VIII.]

The neck of the bulb is usually bent sharply in the middle at an angle
of approximately 90.° This feature seems to be connected with the
fact that the plants frequently grow embedded in dense Restionaceous
tufts.

The figures and descriptions cited by Baker in the Flora Capensis
represent more than one species. Of seven specimens cited, five are
of the type chosen above as O. graminifolium, one is O. leptophyllum
from Natal and one I have not seen.

55. O. oliganthum Bak. FI. Cap. VI, 510.

Plants 10—20 cm. high. Bulb globose, 5—10 mm. diam. with
brownish tunics and crowned with the fibrous remains of old leaf bases,
often growing in clusters. Leaves many, filiform, glabrous, about as
long as the inflorescence. Inflorescence few-flowered, lax, bracts broad
at the base with a short awn, as long as the pedicels, rarely shorter than
the pedicels ; pedicels 3—5 mm. long, increasing to as much as 12 mm.
in fruit. Perianth-segments white with a greenish median stripe, obtuse,
5—6 mm. long, 1—1:5 mm. broad. Stamens subequal, filaments

158 The Journal of South African Botany.

lanceolate, a little more than half as long as the perianth. Ovary obconic,
style and stigma slightly longer than the ovary.

Hab. Natal. Field’s Hill, Wood 1973 (Type). Cape Province.
Kentani Div.: On rocks, Pegler 1182.

This species differs from O. leptophyllum Bak. in its size and in having
fewer-flowered, laxer inflorescences.

Fl. Feb.—Mar.

[Fig. 55. Map VIII.]

oliganthum.
. brevifolium.

52. O. subulatum. 53. O. comptum. 54. O. graminifolium. 55
56. O. langebergence. 57. O. leptophyllum. 58. O. juncifolium. 59.
(All figures x 2.)

oo

56. O. langebergense Leighton sp. nov.

Plantae alt. ad 14 em. Bulbus globosus, tunicis griseis vel brunneis
in collo breve productis. Folia 3—10, filiformia inflorescentia aequilonga.
Inflorescentia pauciflora, laxa, bracteis parvis, floribus distantibus.
Perianthii segmenta albida, inferne laete viridi-vittata, obtusa vel
subacuta. Filamenta lanceolata, tria interiora quam exteriora longiora
et latiora. Ovariwm ovoideum, stylo cum stigmate breviore.

Hab. Cape Province. Mossel Bay Div.: Langeberg, on rocky

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 159

ledges 1,000—1,300 ft., Muir 1314 (Type). Riversdale Div.: Rocks
at the Glen, 900 ft., Muir 3005.

Plants up to 14 cm. high. Bulb globose, 6—12 mm. diam., with
brown or grey, papery tunics which are produced into a short neck.
Leaves 3—10, filiform, wiry, glabrous except for minute ciliation near
the base, veins conspicuous in old leaves, about as long as the inflorescence,
under 1 mm. broad, except at the base. Inflorescence slender, few-
flowered, peduncle wiry, flowers distant ; bracts small 2—3 mm. long ;
pedicels 5—10 mm. long. Perianth-segments whitish with a faint greenish
median stripe on the under surface, obtuse or subacute, 5—6 mm. long,
2—2-5 mm. broad. Stamens more than half as long as the perianth,
filaments lanceolate, 3 inner longer and about twice as broad as the
outer. Ovary ovoid, style and stigma slender longer than the ovary.

Fl. Dec.—April.

[Fig. 56. Map VIII.]

57. O. leptophyllum Bak. Flor. Cap. VI, 502.

Plants 20—35 em. high. Bulb globose, 10—20 mm. diam., tunics
leathery, brownish-grey, crowned with fibrous bases of previous leaves,
often forming a neck 4—8 em. long. Leaves 2—many, synanthous or
hysteranthous, linear, fairly rigid, margins and veins conspicuous in
old leaves, 20—30 cm. long, 0-5—3 mm. broad. Inflorescence many-
flowered, narrow, often 2—3 to a bulb; bracts broad with a long cusp,
about as long as the pedicels; pedicels 5—10 mm. long, ascending or
erect. Perianth-segments white with a median green stripe, narrow,
obtuse, 6—10 mm. long, 1-5—3 mm. broad. Stamens more than half
as long as the perianth, filaments lanceolate three inner slightly broader
than the three outer. Ovary ovoid or obovoid, tapering to the base,
almost stipitate. Style and stigma as long as, or longer than, the ovary.
Capsule broad, truncate at the top.

Hab. Natal. Near Botha’s Railway Station, Medley Wood 4774
(Type); Sevenfontein, Wylie in Natal Herb. 10446; Maritzburg—
Richmond Rd., Warren 11 in Nat. Herb. Pretoria; Estcourt, West
320, 337, 332 ; Draycott Hill, Acocks 10582 ; Inanda, Wood 658 ; Zwart-
kop, Wylie Herb. Natal 11647 ; Bushmans River, Wood 10891. Basuto-
land: Leribe, Dieterlen 651; Maseru, Dieterlen 1038a. Transvaal :
Magaliesberg, Moss 13487; Ermelo, Henrici 1045. Potchefstroom,
Louw 442. Cape Province, Albert Div.: Molteno, Looperberg, Mogg
2804. Stutterheim Div.: Cumakala River, Acocks 9201. Transkei :
Umtata, Dyer, sn. Komgha Div.: Komgha, Flanagan 2252.

Fl. Sept.—Dec.

[Fig. 57. Map VIII.)

160 The Journal of South African Botany.

58. O. juncifolium Jacq. Hort. Schon. i, 46, t. 90; Kunth Enum.
IV, 358 (in part).

Plants up to 70 cm. high. Bulb globose or depresso-globose, 2—5 em.
diam. frequently with greyish leathery tunics. Leaves many, semi-
terete from a broad, flattened base, and terete at the apex, erect, semi-
rigid, shorter than the inflorescence, 15—30 cm. long, 7—10 mm. broad
at the base. Inflorescence 1—3 to a bulb, many-flowered ; bracts usually
shorter than the pedicels; pedicels 4—8 mm. long. Perianth-segments
white with a faint green median stripe on the under surface, 5—10 mm.
long, 1-5—3 mm. broad. Stamens more than half as long as the perianth,
3 outer filaments linear-lanceolate, 3 inner lanceolate. Ovary obovoid ;
style and stigma about as long as the ovary, stigma conspicuously capitate.

Hab. Cape Province. Uniondale Div.: Prince Alfred’s Pass, Four-
cade 2477. Swellendam Div.: Between Bonnievale and Barrydale,
Hurling and Neil in Nat. Bot. Gdns. 2404/31.

Fl. Dec.—Jan.

[Fig. 58. Map VIII.]

Jacquin’s figure represents a somewhat etiolated, garden-grown
plant but in all essential characters there is sufficient agreement to
justify the placing of the specimens listed above under this species.

59. O. brevifolium Leighton in Journ. 8.A. Bot. IX, 109.

Plants up to 30 cm. high, usually somewhat shorter. Bulb depresso-
globose, 2 cm. diam. white with brownish tunics partly adhering. Leaves
many, up to 13 cm. long, 3 mm. broad, shrivelled at flowering time but
apparently linear, channelled down the face, apex acute, base broad
encircling the peduncle. Inflorescence few—many-flowered ; bracts
cuspidate from a broad base, equal to, or exceeding the pedicels ; pedicels
5—7 mm. long. Perianth-segments creamy-white, tinged with green on
the under-surface, becoming pure white with age, up to 10 mm. long,
3—5 mm. broad, obtuse. Filaments 6—7 mm. long, all gradually ex- ~
panded towards the base, outer 1-5 mm., inner 2 mm. broad. Ovary
ovoid, style slender, stigma papillose. Seeds rugose.

Hab. Cape Province. Cape Peninsula: Patrys Vlei, Salter 8602
(Type). Caledon Div.: Foothills of the Steenbras Plateau, Stokoe
7424; Caledon, Marloth 6115.

Fl. Feb.

[Fig. 59. Map VIII.)

60. O. capillare Wood and Evans in Journ. Bot. XXV, 490.
Plants 10—15 cm. high. Bulb ovoid 6—10 mm. diam. with brownish
papery tunics produced into a neck 2—3 ecm. long. Leaves 3—6, glabrous,

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 161

filiform above, clasping the peduncle at the base, 8 em. or more in length.
Inflorescence 1—2 to a bulb, slender, wiry, lax; bracts 4 mm. long ;
pedicels 10—25 mm. long, distant, ascending. Perianth-segments white,
with faint green median stripe, oblong, 3—4 mm. long, 1—1-5 mm.
broad. Stamens a little shorter than the perianth, filaments linear-
lanceolate. Style slender, about as long as the obconic ovary.

Hab. Natal. Near Newcastle, J. Medley Wood 6502. Orange Free
State: Bester’s Vallei, Witzies Hoek, Bolus 8261.

Fl. Jan.

[Fig. 60. Map IX.]

60. O. capillare. 61. O. Schlechterianum. 62. O. Rogersii. 63. O. Zeyheri.
(All figures x 2.)

61. O. Schlechterianum Schinz in Bull. Herb. Boiss. II, 223.

Plants 6—25 cm. usually 10—15 em. high. Bulb ovoid 5—15 mm.
diam. produced into a neck 1—4 ecm. long. Leaves 3—10, subterete,
filiform, glabrous, weak, 10—30 cm. long, 1—2 mm. diam. Inflorescence
shorter than the leaves, slender, lax, few-flowered ; bracts membranous
acuminate from a broad base, less than half as long as the pedicels ;
pedicels 10—15 mm. long in flower, longer in fruiting specimens. Perianth-
segments white with a faint green median stripe which fades reddish or
becomes pure white with age, narrow, subacute, spreading widely or
even reflexing, 5—7 mm. long, 2—3 mm. broad. Stamens more than
half as long as the perianth, filaments lanceolate, three inner slightly
broader than three outer. Ovary globose or somewhat obovoid, style
and stigma shorter than the ovary. Capsule globose. Seeds angled
rugose.

Hab. Cape Province. Cape Peninsula: Table Mt., Schlechter 138
(Type) ; Spring Buttress, Estexhuysen in Bolus Herb. 22954; Kasteel’s
Poort, Marloth 5624b; Blinkwater Ravine, Andreae 252, Marloth 9850 ;
India Waterfall, Marloth 6676 ; Plateau S. of Slangolie, Andreae 221 ; My-

162 The Journal of South African Botany.

burgh’s Ravine, Hsterhuysen 10018 ; Lower Plateau, Hsterhuysen 11507 ;
S. of Hely Hutchinson Reservoir, Hsterhuysen 1783; Orange Kloof,
Wolley Dod 2307 ; Skeleton Ravine, Wolley Dod 842; Window Gorge,
Gillett 3392 ; Skeleton Gorge, Hsterhuysen 62; Nursery Gorge, Compton
10384 ; above Klassenbosch, Bolus 7054; Constantiaberg, Goulimis in
Bolus Herb. 22953, Compton 15458; Mountains beyond Red Hill,
Simonstown, Salter in Bolus Herb. 22955; Devil’s Peak, Gowlimis in
Bolus Herb. 22952. Paarl Div.: Wemmershoek Pk., Hsterhuysen
11282.

Fl. Dec.—Feb.

[Fig. 61. Map X.]

Forma B. (O. minimum Bak.) Leaves lanceolate 10—20 mm. long
margins ciliate, inflorescence up to 10 cm. high.

Hab. Stellenbosch Div.: Jonkershoek Twins, EHsterhuysen in Bolus
Herb. 23066 ; Forest Dept. Herbarium 279.

It seems almost certain from the evidence available that O. Schlech-
terianum is O. niveum Ait. Aiton’s (or Solander’s) description in
Hortus Kewensis I, 440, bears little relation to the Burchell plant
from Zwartwater Poort, Alexandria Div., which is figured under 0.
niveum in the Bot. Reg. t. 235 and cited by Baker in the Flor. Cap.

It is very probable that the plants sent by Masson in 1774 were from
the Cape Peninsula or from the neighbouring mountains where 0.
Schlechterianwm Schinz is now known to occur. Masson’s first Journey,
1772—1773, was only as far as Swellendam.

62. O. Rogersii Bak. Flor. Cap. VI, 501.

Plants 10—20 em. high. Bulb globose 5—10 mm. diam. Leaves
2—6, linear, glabrous, weak, 4—8 em. long, 2—3 mm. broad. Inflorescence
slender, few—many-flowered, lax; bracts acuminate, much shorter
than the pedicels; pedicels spreading at flowering time but erect and
adpressed to the peduncle in fruit. Perianth-segments narrow, cucullate,
white with green median stripe on the under surface, 7—8 mm. long,
1-5—2 mm. broad. Stamens about half as long as the perianth-segments,
filaments expanded—three inner wider than three outer. Ovary ovoid,
style and stigma slender, about as long as the ovary.

Hab. Cape Province. George Div.: Geelhoutbosch, LZ. H. Taylor,
1633.

HIEDec

[Fig. 62. Map X.]

This specimen has been identified from Baker’s description with
which it agrees well.

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 163

63. O. Zeyheri Bak. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII, 281. Fl. Cap. VI, 502.

Plants from 15—60 em. high. Bulb globose or ovoid 15—30 mm.
diam., outer tunics greyish, produced into a neck, 2—5 cm. long. Leaves
2—6, linear, glabrous, weak, channelled down the face, flattened at
the base, often as long as the peduncle, 2—5 mm. broad. Inflorescence
many-flowered, lax, often more than one to a bulb ; bracts membranous,
acuminate, much shorter than the pedicels ; pedicels arcuate, ascending,
1—3 em. long at flowering time, as much as 6 em. in fruit. Perianth-
segments creamy white, sometimes tinged with green on the outer
surface, obtuse or subacute, slightly cucullate and minutely barbate at
the apex, 5—8 mm. long, 1-5—2-5 mm. broad. Stamens a little more
than half as long as the perianth segments, linear-lanceolate, subequal.
Ovary globose, tapering towards the base, style slender, stigma papillose,
style and stigma longer than the ovary. Capsule truncate, short, broad.

Hab. Cape Province. Uitenhage Div.: Zwartkops River, Zeyher
1686; Humansdorp Div.: nr. Humansdorp-Hankey Rd., Fourcade
5815. Port Elizabeth Div.: N.W. of Port Elizabeth, Gillett 2416.
Albany Div.: On Flats, Grahamstown, MacOwan 1437, Galpin 21,
Britten 582; Trapps Valley, Daly 667. East London Div.: Buffalo
River, Flanagan 1719. Natal: Van Reenen, Wood 4532, 7400. Basuto-
land, Dieterlen 1264. Orange Free State: Hoopstad, Goosens 1306.
Transvaal: Parys, Potts 518 (Grey Coll. Herb.). Middelburg Div. :
Belfast, Franks in Nat. Herb. Pret. 9802 ; Wonderfontein, Bolus 12410 ;
Ermelo, Codd in Nat. Herb. Pret. 387 ; Witwatersrand, Dersley, Flugge-
de Smidt 8316 in Nat. Herb. Pretoria. Waterberg, Mosdene, Naboom-
spruit, Galpin M. 368. Rhodesia, Flanagan in National Herb. Pretoria
22827. S.W. Africa: Gt. Karasberg, Pearson Slad. Mem. Exped. 7987.
Cape Prov., Prieska Div., Orange Riv., Bryant J. 182 in Nat. Herb.
Pret. 5971 in McGregor Mus. Kimberley, Warrenton, Wilman McGregor
Mus. 1134; Blaauwkrantz, Acocks 1895 (McGregor Mus. 4610.)

Fl. Oct.—April.

[Fig. 63. Map IX.]

This species varies in size and has a wide range of distribution but
the essential characters are constant.

64. O. karasbergense Glover in Ann. Bol. Herb. I, 106.

Plants up to 25 cm. high. Bulb ovoid, elongate, 3—5 cm. diam.
8—10 em. high, tunics coriaceous. Leaves 5—15, linear or linear-lanceolate,
glabrous, 15—20 cm. long, 2—10 mm. broad at the base. J nflorescence
dense, many-flowered ; bracts scarious, ovate, acuminate, longer than
the pedicels; pedicels erecto-patent, 10—12 mm. long. Perianth-
segments whitish with a green median stripe, ovate-oblong 7—10 mm.

164 The Journal of South African Botany.

long, 2—3 mm. broad, apex cucullate, obtuse. Stamens subequal,
filaments quadrately expanded near the base. Ovary with a crenate
disc-like expansion near the base.

Hab. South-West Africa: Great Karasberg, Naruda Sud, Pearson
in Sladen Mem. Expedition 8144, 7986, 8931; Karibib, Dinter 6796.

Fl. Dec.—Jan.

[Fig. 64. Map X.]

This species may be identical with O. Stapfii Schinz Bull. Herb.
Boiss. IV, Append. III, 42, but it is not possible to say without com-
paring the types.

65. O. disciferum Leighton sp. nov.

Plantae alt. 10—16 cm. Bulbus globosus vel ovoideus, tunicis
coriaceis in collo productis. Folia 1—3, linearia, canaliculata. In-
florescentia foliis breviora ; bracteae acuminatae e basi lata; pedicelli
patentes, bracteis longiores. Perianthii segmenta albida, viridi- vel

64. O. karasbergense. 65. O. disciferum. (All figures x 2.)

brunneo-vittata, ovata, obtusa. Stamina vix segmentis aequantia,
filamenta subaequalia, basibus expansis apiculatis. Ovariwm globosum,
disco basale 6-lobato, infra in stipe angustatum.

Hab. South-West Africa. Otavi, Dinter 5273 (Type); Karibib,
Dinter 6787.

Plants 10—16 cm. high. Bulb globose or ovoid, 14—20 mm. diam.
with tough, leathery outer tunics, produced into a neck 2—4 cm. long.
Leaves |—3, linear, canaliculate, 5—15 cm. long, 1—2 mm. broad. In-
florescence 10—14 em. high ; bracts acuminate from a broad base, shorter
than the pedicels ; pedicels patent, 10—15 mm. long. Perianth-segments
whitish with a green or brown median stripe, ovate, obtuse, 4—6 mm.
long, 1—2 mm. broad. Stamens nearly as long as the perianth, fila-
ments expanded near the base, apices of expansions sharply pointed.
Ovary globose with a flattened base surrounded by a six-lobed, disc-like
outgrowth below which it narrows abruptly into a short stipe.

Fl. Dec.—Jan.

[Fig. 65. Map X.]

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 165

These plants might be O. otaviense Krause or O. coniophilum Krause
but neither of these descriptions mentions the characteristic expansion
of the filaments nor the disc-like structure at the base of the ovary.

66. O. virens Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 814. Kunth Enum. IV, 358;
Bak. Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII, 276.

Plants 45—60 cm. high. Bulb globose 25—30 mm. diam. Leaves
4—6, glabrous, as long as the inflorescence, 1—3 cm. broad at the base,

S O. Saundersiae

# O. capillare

A O. Zeyheri

@ O. virens

O O. caudatum

O O. pretoriense A

f& O. inconspicuum

s
o PRETORIA), aS

A O. flavovirens
+ O. Ecklonii

& O.Watermeyeri
© O. setifolium

ORANGE RIVER

[@) + y
Cfo 9” RoR evizaBeTH

CAPE TOWN Usd sae

MAP IX.

channelled below, flattened above. and finally semiterete near the apex.
Inflorescence many-flowered, buds densely packed, peduncle elongating
at the flowering time to give a lax appearance; bracts attenuate, exceed-
ing the flowers ; pedicels 3—5 mm. long. Perianth-segments pale green
or white with a dark green median stripe, ovate, obtuse. Stamens almost
as long as the perianth, 3 outer filaments lanceolate, 3 inner filaments
broadly expanded, expansions lobed or toothed at the apex. Ovary
ovoid, style and stigma as long as the ovary. Capsule broad at the
base, subacute at the apex, seeds flattened.

Hab. Portuguese East Africa: Gazaland, Harthy in Bolus Herb.

166 The Journal of South African Botany.

23002 ; Inhaka Island, Delagoa Bay, Steytler, Nat. Bot. Gdns. 1773/35.
Natal: Berea, Durban, Medley Wood 4080, 3755, Herb. Norm. 1012,
Forbes 474; Durban North, Wylie in Herb. Natal 23110, Forbes 571.
Zululand: Entembeni, Hluhluwe, Wheelwright in Nat. Herb. Pretoria
12388.

Fl. Sept.—Mar.

[Fig. 66. Map IX.]

67. O. caudatum Jacq. Collect. Il, 315; Ic. II 19, t. 423; Ait.
Hort. Kew I, 442; edit. 2. II, 261 ; Willd. Sp. Pl. II, 125; Curt. Bot.
Mag. t. 805; Kunth Enum. IV, 357; Bak. Saund. Ref. Bot. t. 262 ;
Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII, 276. O. scilloides Jacq. Hort. Schonbr. I, 46,
t. 88; Willd. Sp. Pl. IJ, 119; Kunth Enum. IV, 358; Bak. Journ.
Linn. Soc. XIII, 276. O. longibracteatum Jacq. Red. Lil. t. 120.

Plants 60—90 ecm. high. Bulb ovoid or globose, 3—6 cm. diam.
with papery tunics, tending to form bulbils near the base. Leaves
4—6, glabrous, soft, lorate 50—100 cm. long, 2—5 em. broad, acuminate,
usually caudate near the apex. Inflorescence many-flowered, usually
dense; bracts exceeding the flowers, lanceolate, membranous with
green veins when young; pedicels 5—15 mm. long. Perianth-segments
white or greenish with a deep green median stripe, long-ovate, 7—9
mm. long, 3—4 mm. broad. Stamens three-quarters as long as the
perianth, filaments broadly expanded in the lower half, tapering to the
apex, three inner broader than the three outer. Ovary ovoid or some-
what globose. Capsule broad at the base, subacute at the apex before
dehiscence.

Hab. Cape Province. Oudtshoorn Div.: Mts. near Oudtshoorn,
Pocock in Bolus Herb. 22964. George Div.: Kaaimans River Pass,
Fourcade 5692. Knysna Div.: Baxter, Nat. Bot. Gdns. 3260/14 ; Keur-
booms River Mouth, Fouwrcade 1073; Witte Drift, Fourcade 1497 ;
Knysna Heads, Schonland 3396. Humansdorp Div.: Kloof KE. of
Kareedouw, Fourcade 4415 ; Humansdorp, Du Toit, Veterinary Survey
17639, Thode A 1057. Uitenhage Div.: Redhouse, Rogers 137 ; Zwart-
kops, L. Bolus in Bolus Herb. 22965. Port Elizabeth Div.: New
Brighton, Marloth 13108; Humewood, Paterson 392. Albany Div. ;
Grahamstown, Gane 78 (Alb. Mus.); Alicedale, Cruden 1 (Alb. Mus.).
Bathurst Div.: Near Kowie, L. L. Britten 734. Somerset East Div. :
Klein Visch Rivier, MacOwan 1839. .Stutterheim Div.: Rogers 12784.
Queenstown Div. : Queenstown, Galpin 1590. Komgha Div. : Amabele,
De Vries sn. (Nat. Herb. Pretoria) ; nr. Komgha, Flanagan 1709, 1111.
Kentani Div.: Pegler 1464, 2018, 1380, 1396. Natal: Nongwaan
Falls, Amanzimtoti Glen, 21789 in Herb. Natal. Zululand: Hluhluwe,

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 167

Henry Nat. Bot. Gdns. 1768/34. Swaziland: Havelock Concession,
Galpin 1054.

Fl. July—Dec. (intermittently throughout the year).

[Fig. 67. Map. IX.]

68. O. breviscapum Leighton sp. nov.

Plantae alt. 17cm. Bulbus elongatus, long 5 cm., diam. 2 cm. tunicis
coriaceis. Folia 3, linearia, canaliculata. Inflorescentia pauciflora ;
pedicelli patentes. Perianthii segmenta patentia, alba, viridi-vittata,
oblonga, obtusa, apice subcucullata, minute barbata. Stamina erecta,
subaequalia, filamentis basi spathulatis. Ovariwm truncatum, stipitatum ;
stigma, papillosa.

Hab. South-West Africa : Warmbad Dist. Wide open spaces between
Modder Drift and Sjambok River, Pillans 6461.

Plants about 17 cm. high. Bulb elongate, outer tunics leathery.
Leaves 3, linear, canaliculate on the upper face, somewhat fleshy, up to
30 em. long, 3 mm. broad. Inflorescence 12 cm. high, few-flowered.
Perianth-segments white, with a broad green median stripe, 12 mm. long,
3—3-:5 mm. broad, apices obtuse, subcucullate and minutely barbate.
Stamens erect, subequal, filaments subulate with a spathulate expansion
at the base. Ovary truncate, squarely angled, slightly stipitate. Stigma
papillose.

Fl. Mar.

[Fig. 68. Map X.]

69. O. pretoriense Bak. in Bull. Herb. Boiss., 2nd Ser. I, 855.

Plants 30—60 cm. high. Bulb globose or depresso-globose, 2—4 cm.
diam., with grey or brownish leathery tunics, often produced into
a short neck. Leaves 3—6, erect, encircling the peduncle at the base,
firm, canaliculate, glabrous, sometimes as long as the inflorescence,
usually shorter, 1—2 cm. broad at the base, tapering gradually to the
apex. Inflorescence usually narrow, dense, many-flowered; bracts
membranous often with a median green nerve, acuminate from a broad
base, longer than the pedicels; pedicels 3—5 mm. long. Perianth-
segments whitish with a median green stripe, long-ovate, 6—7 mm.
long, 2-5—3 mm. broad. Stamens nearly as long as the perianth, fila-
ments lanceolate, subequal. Ovary globose or ovoid, deeply lobed,
style and stigma as long as the ovary. Capsule broad, apex obtuse or
subacute. Seeds large, angled.

Hab. Transvaal. Pretoria Div.: Pretoria, Waterkloof Ravine,
Mogg 15563, Diocesan School’ for Girls, Driver in Nat. Herb. Pretoria
22817, Fountains Valley, Verdoorn in Nat. Herb. Pretoria 22822, Repton

168 The Journal of South African Botany.

_ 800; Meintjies Kop, C. A. Smith 3298, Dyer 2517, Mogg 15295 ; Premier
Mine, Newnham in Nat. Herb. Pretoria 22820. Johannesburg Div. :
Milner Park, Moss 6197 ; Benoni, Verdoorn 817, Bradfield 250. Potchef-
stroom Div.: Welverdiend, Louw 46. Rustenburg Div.: Rustenberg,
Nation 380. Lichtenburg Div.: Grasfontein, Sutton 292. Pietersburg
Div.: Blinkwater, Bremekamp and Schweickerdt 177. Ermelo Div. :
Farm Nooitgedacht, Henrici 1499. Heidelberg Div.: Grootvlei, Gil-
fillan in Herb. Galpin 7112. Natal: Muden, Wylie in Nat. Herb.
Pretoria 22821. Orange Free State: Kroonstad, Pont 265. Senekal
Div.: Doornkop, Goossens 816. Cape Province. Kimberley Div. :
Kimberley, Esterhuysen 1195. Colesberg Div.: Naauwpoort, Rogers
17312.

Fl. Oct.—Dec.

[Fig. 69. Map IX.]

70. O. Wilmaniae Leighton sp. nov.

Plantae alt. 30—60 cm. Bulbus globosus, tunicis coriaceis. Folia
4—6, linearia, canaliculata, glauca, crassiuscula, basi pedunculum
amplectente. Inflorescentia multiflora, saepe pyramidalis; bracteae
scariosae, attenuatae, nervo mediano conspicuo, pedicellis breviores ;
pedicelli patentes. Perianthii segmenta alba, viridi-vittata, patentia
vel reflexa, obtusa subcucullata. Stamina erecta, filamentis lanceolatis,
perianthio paullo breviores: Ovarium oblongum, distincte lobatum,
lobis apice rotundatis; stylus gracilis cum stigmate papilloso, ovario
aequilongus. COapsula lata. Semina subdiscoidea, atra, plana.

Hab. South-West Africa : Sandfontein, Wilman in McGregor Museum
1599, in Bolus Herb. 15280 (Type); Omaruru, Herre in Stell. Univ.
Gdns. 78. Bechuanaland: Mahalapye, Mansergh in Bolus Herb. 23025.
Transvaal. Rustenburg Div.: Brits, Henry in Nat. Bot. Gdns. 2864/34.
Cape Province. Prieska Div.: Near Prieska, Bryant in McGregor
Mus. 4250. Hopetown Div.: Near Hopetown, Muskett in Bolus Herb.
5974. Locality uncertain, Pillans in Bolus Herb. 23026.

Plants 30—60 cm. high. Bulb globose, 4—5 cm. diam. tunics
coriaceous. Leaves 4—6, linear, glaucous, canaliculate, slightly fleshy,
clasping the peduncle at the base, 20—40 cm. or more in length, 15—30
mm. broad, margins hyaline. Inflorescence many-flowered, usually
pyramidal; bracts scarious with one conspicuous median nerve, long-
attenuate from a broad base, shorter than the pedicels ; pedicels spread-
ing 2—5 em. long. Perianth-segments white with a broad median
green stripe, spreading widely or even reflexing a little when fully open,
12—20 mm. long, 3—4 mm. broad, obtuse, subcucullate. Stamens
erect, a little shorter than the perianth, filaments lanceolate, 3 inner

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 169

broader than the 3 outer. Ovary oblong, distinctly 3-lobed, the apices
of the lobes somewhat rounded, style slender, with the papillose stigma
as long as the ovary. Capsule broader than long; seeds subdiscoid
black, shiny, flat.

66. O. virens. 67. O. caudatum. 68. O. breviscapum. 69. O. pretoriense.

70. O. Wilmaniae. 71. O. inconspicuum. 72. O. flavovirens. 73. O. Eckloni.
74. O. Watermeyeri. 75. O. setifolium. (All figures x 2.)
Fl. Nov.—Feb.

[Fig. 70. Map X.]
Comparison with the type of O. pulchrum Schinz, Verh. Bot. Ver.

170 The Journal of South African Botany.

Prov. Brandenb. XXXI, 221 (1889) may show this to be the same
species. Since that species was described on the inflorescence and
flowers only, I hesitate to associate the plants I have seen with Schinz’s
description.

71. O. inconspieuum Bak. Fl. Cap. VI, 498. O. Saltmarshei Bak.
Fl. Cap. VI, 513.

Plants 30—60 cm. high. Bulb ovoid or globose, 1—3 cm. diam.,
bulb axis sometimes produced below the bulb. Leaves 2—3, linear,
erect, glabrous, clasping the peduncle near the base, 20—30 cm. long,
3—8 mm. broad, rarely 10—15 mm. broad at the base, apex obtuse or
subacute. Inflorescence few—many-flowered, usually corymbose some-
times elongate ; bracts membranous, acuminate from a broad base,
longer than the pedicels; pedicels 5—7 mm. long. Perianth-segments
white with a distinct green or brownish median stripe, 6—7 mm. long,
2—3 mm. broad. Stamens subequal, filaments lanceolate, more than
half as long as the perianth. Ovary obconic, rarely globose, as long
as the style and stigma.

_ Hab. Transvaal. Swampy ground, Umlomati Valley, Barberton,
Galpin 1361 (Type); Carolina, Moss & Rogers 1128, Rogers 22983.
Middelburg Div.: Keeromspruit, F. Z. v. d. Merwe s.n. (Nat. Herb.
Pretoria). Belfast Div.: Machadodorp, Galpin 12509, 13012; near
Belfast, Bolus 12411. Swaziland. Havelock Concession, Komassan
Range, Saltmarshe in Herb. Galpin 1057. Natal. Lidgetton, Wood
7381; Ensekeni, Wood 12064; Balgowan, Bond 1295; Maritzburg,
Allerton Laboratory, Vet. Research 65; Giant’s Castle, A. Bolus in
Bolus Herb. 23003; Polela, Dyer 3245.

Fl. Sept.—Dec.

[Fig. 71. Map IX.]

72. O. flavovirens Bak. in Journ. Bot., 1874, 366.

Plants 30—60 cm. high. Bulb globose, 15—30 mm. diam., tunics
papery. Leaves 3—8, erect or sub-erect, about as long as the inflorescence,
10—20 mm. broad at the base, canaliculate above, semiterete at the apex.
Inflorescence many-flowered ; bracts acuminate from a broad _ base,
exceeding the flowers; pedicels 6—8 mm. long. Perianth-segments
white with a green median stripe, 7—9 mm. long, 2—3 mm. broad.
Stamens more than half as long as the perianth, lanceolate, three inner
filaments broader than three outer. Ovary ovoid. Capsule broad,
truncate at the apex.

Hab. Cape Province. Uitenhage Div.: Redhouse, Paterson 389.
Albany Div. : Grahamstown, L. L. Britten in Bolus Herb. 23067. Somer-

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 171

set East Div. : Near Somerset East, MacOwan 1852 (Type). Queenstown
Div.: Hopewell, Katberg, Galpin 8390; Madeira Hill, Galpin 2337.
Cathcart Div.: Fairford, Cotterell 155. East London Div. : Cambridge,
Wormald 99; Overton, Hilner 382.

Fl. Nov.—Feb.

[Fig. 72. Map IX.]

This species is very closely related to O. Ecklonii and O. caudatum.
From the former it differs chiefly in the character of the bracts and the
shape of the filaments, from the latter in having canaliculate eaves
and lanceolate filaments.

73. O. Ecklonii Schlecht. Linnaea XXV, 177.

Plants 30—50 cm. high. Bulb globose or depresso-globose, 15—30
mm. diam., tunics brown, coriaceous. Leaves 5—7, flaccid, about as
long as the inflorescence, 5—10 mm. wide at the base, canaliculate,
tapering to a subulate tip, leaf margins often with a narrow hyaline
margin near the base. Inflorescence many-flowered, usually dense,
sometimes lax ; bracts longer than the pedicels attenuate from a broad
base ; pedicels 5—8 mm. long, up to 10 mm. in fruit. Perianth-segments
whitish with green median stripe, 7—8 mm. long, 2—3 mm. broad.
Stamens two-thirds as long as the perianth, filaments broad at the base,
gradually contracted from the middle to the apex, subequal. Ovary
oblong, deeply lobed, style and stigma about as long as the ovary.
Capsule longer than broad. Seeds angulate, flattened.

Hab. Cape Province. Knysna Div.: Bitou River, Fourcade 627a ;
Forest Hall, Duthie 1106. Humansdorp Div.: Hankey Rd., Fourcade
4903 ; Slang River, Spearman 3 in Nat. Herb. Pretoria ; Humansdorp,
Fourcade 5989. Port Elizabeth Div.: Vaal Vlei Estate, Mogg 4766.
Alexandria Div.: Grassy hillsides, Alexandria, Galpin 10675. Albany
Div.: Brakkloof, near Grahamstown, White 140. King Wms. Town
Div.: Amatola Mts., Keiskamma Hoek, Dyer 311; Hogsback Mt.,
Rattray in Bolus Herb. 15796, Barker 1915. Stutterheim Div.: Rogers
12787. Queenstown Div.: Andriesberg, Galpin 2272.

Fl. Dec.—May.

[Fig. 73. Map IX.]

74. O. Watermeyeri L. Bolus in S.A. Gard. XXI, 13.

Plants about 8 cm. high. Bulb globose 1 cm. diam. Leaf solitary,
filiform, spirally twisted, up to 7 cm. long. Inflorescence lax, 4—5-
flowered ; bracts setaceous. acuminate from a broad base, shorter than
the pedicels. Perianth-segments white with broad median green stripe,
8—9 mm. long. Stamens a little more than half as long as the perianth,

172 The Journal of South African Botany.

three outer filaments lanceolate, three inner ovate-lanceolate. Ovary
globose, deeply lobed, apex truncate ; style and stigma together longer
than the ovary.

Hab. Cape Province. Richmond Div.: Sneeuwbergen, Watermeyer
in Bolus Herb. 19340 (Type).

Fl. Nov.

[Fig. 74. Map IX.]

. karasbergense

. disciferum

- prasinum

. xanthochlorum

. breviscapum
Schlechterianum
Schlechterianum forma PB
Rogersii

. Wilmaniae

+ © BmMOxX+>S00
ONO MONONONONONONONO

. witteklipense

SOUTH WEST
AFRICA

8

y DO ORANGE RIVER

MAP X.

75. O. setifolium Kunth Enum. IV, 35l.

Plants 20—30 cm. high. Bulb ovoid or globose, 3—4 cm. diam.
tunics coriaceous, produced into a neck 3—6 cm. long with conspicuous
membranous old leaf bases, often transversely banded with brown.
Leaves many, often as long as, or longer than, the inflorescence when fully

—-

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 173

developed, 2—5 mm. broad, channelled down the face. Inflorescence
laxly many-flowered ; bracts broad at the base with a long attenuate
cusp, longer than the pedicels; pedicels ascending, 4—10 mm. long.
Perianth-segments white with a greenish or brown median stripe, 6—8 mm.
long, 2—2-5 mm. broad. Stamens more than half as long as the perianth,
filaments subequal, broadly expanded in the lower half. Ovary ovoid,
style and stigma together as long as the ovary. Capsule broad, seeds
semi-discoid.

Hab. Cape Province. Kimberley Div.: Nooitgedacht, Acocks 2531 ;
Honeynest Kloof, Wilman in Bolus Herb. 16408; Wildebeest Kuil,
Acocks & Lindeberg 1014; Windsorton, Elliot in McGregor Mus. 2339 ;
Herbert Div.: Mazelsfontein, Anderson 737. Kuruman Div.: Cotton
End, Esterhuysen 2878 ; Batharos, Silke in Bolus Herb. 16843. De Aar,
McGregor Mus. in Bolus. Herb. 13972. Victoria West Div.: Biesjes-
poort, Broom in Herb. Marloth 6337 ; Victoria West, Burtt-Davy 17587.
Uniondale Div.: Koup, Esterhuysen 4503. Orange Free State, Faure-
smith, Verdoorn in Herb. Henrici 2334. Bloemfontein, Potts 849.

Fl. Oct.—Feb.

[Fig. 75. Map IX.]

76. O. prasinum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 158 (1816); Kunth Enum. IV,
360; Bak. Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII, 280; Bak. Fl. Cap. VI, 508.

Plants 15—30 em. high. Bulb ovoid or globose, 3—5 cm. diam.,
tunics leathery. Leaves 4—10, erect or suberect, linear, channelled
down the face, up to 30 em. long, 1—2 cm. broad. Inflorescence many-
flowered, about as high as the leaves; bracts acuminate, membranous,
shorter than the pedicels ; pedicels ascending or patent, 2—4 cm. long.
Perianth-segments green, subequal, obtuse 6—10 mm. long, 2—3 mm.
broad, slightly cucullate at the apex, spreading widely, almost reflexed
when fully open. Stamens more than half as long as the perianth, fila-
ments white, ovately expanded at the base, three inner broader than
the outer. Ovary globose or depresso-globose, deeply lobed, style slender,
longer than the ovary, stigma papillose. Capsule usually broader than
long, deeply lobed; seeds almost circular, semi-circular or elliptical,
black, shiny, flattened 6—10 mm. diam.

Hab. Cape Province. Prince Albert Div.: Prince Albert, Marchand
in Herb. Marloth 11569. Britstown Div.: De Aar, sent by McGregor
Mus. in Bolus Herb. 13973. Herbert Div. : Modder River, Wilman in
McGregor Mus. 2476, Wilman in Bolus Herb. 18350. Hay Div.: W. of
Padkloof, Acocks 2208 (in McGregor Mus. 4718). Orange Free State.
Boshof Div.: Leeuwkop, Acocks in McGregor Mus. 5499. Bloem-
fontein Div.: College Grounds, Potts 991; Poundisford, Potts 1321.

174 The Journal of South African Botany.

Fauresmith Div.: Veld Reserve, Henrici 3574. Transvaal. Bloemhof
Div.: Bloemhof, Tardrew in McGregor Mus. 1132; Kameelpan, Chris-
tiana, Theron 631 in Nat. Herb. Pretoria. Lichtenburg Div.: Gras-
fontein, Sutton 259. Wolmaransstad Div.: Liebenweide, Liebenberg
in Nat. Herb. Pretoria 22825; Boskuil, Sutton 259a. Johannesburg
Div.: Meyerton, Momberg in Nat. Herb. Pretoria 1572b. Pretoria
Div.: Rhenosterdrift, Heap in Nat. Herb. Pretoria s.n. Waterberg
Div.: Nylstroom, Rogers 21555; Mosdene, Naboomspruit, Galpin M.
367. Bechuanaland. Vryburg Div. : Klipvlakte, Burtt-Davy in Nat.
Herb. Pretoria 11203.

Fl. Nov.—March.

[Fig. 76. Map X.]

76. O. prasinum. 77. O. xanthochlorum. 78. O. Saundersiae. (All figures < 2.)

77. O. xanthochlorum Bak. Fl. Cap. VI, 508.

Plants 30—60 cm. high. Bulb globose, 4—6 cm. diam., tunics
papery. Leaves 10—12, somewhat fleshy, lorate, glabrous, 15—30 cm.
long, 20—35 mm. broad, margin hyaline. Inflorescence many-flowered,
dense, peduncle stout, up to 15 mm. diam. ; bracts lanceolate, green,
exceeding the pedicels ; pedicels 2—3 cm. long, ascending, often slightly
arcuate. Perianth green, fleshy, segments long-ovate, 12—l17 mm.
long, 6—9 mm. broad, apex slightly cucullate. Stamens nearly as long
as the segments, filaments subequal, thick, gradually expanded towards

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 175

the base, anthers relatively small. Ovary oblong, style longer than the
ovary, stigma conspicuously papillose.

Hab. Cape Province. Little Namaqualand. Steyher’s Kraal in mont.
Kaus, Bolus 6598 (Type) ; Stinkfontein, Pearson in Sladen Mem. Exped.
6727 ; Mathews in Nat. Bot. Gdns. 2155/29; between Bitterfontein and
Garies, Leighton in Bolus Herb. 23021; Wallekraal, Compton 5992.
Calvinia Div.: Gansfontein, Compton 5991; Elands Vlei, Marloth,
10465.

Fl. Aug.—Sept.

[Fig. 77. Map X.]

78. O. Saundersiae Bak. in Gard. Chron. X, 452 (1891).

Plants 60—100 em. high. Bulb ovoid or globose, 3—5 em. diam.,
outer tunics coriaceous. Leaves 5—7, lorate, firm, becoming flaccid with
age, 30—50 cm. long, 3—7 cm. broad, apex acute, margins hyaline.
Inflorescence many-flowered, corymbose, lengthening considerably as
the flowers open; bracts lanceolate, greenish, as long as the pedicel
at flowering time; pedicels with open flowers about 3 cm., in fruit
5—6 cm. long. Perianth-segments creamy-white, tinged with green on
the under surface, three outer ovate, obtuse, 14—16 mm. long, 6—7 mm.
broad, three inner orbiculate, obtuse 13—15 mm. long, 9—10 mm.
broad. Stamens about half as long as the perianth, filaments sub-equal,
narrowed to the apex from a slightly convex base, 2-5—3 mm. broad.
Ovary green, ovoid, longer than the style ; style stout, stigma papillose.
Capsule large, broad at the base, acute and often somewhat beaked at
the apex. Seeds black, shiny.

Hab. Transvaal. Barberton Div.: Barberton, rocky hillsides,
Galpin 1205, Liebenberg 2325, 2333, Thorncroft 4477, Marloth 5385.
Nelspruit, Godwan River, Seath in Nat. Herb. Pretoria 15225, Knox
Davies in Nat. Bot. Gdns. 2415/29, Waterfall, F. Z. van der Merwe 2350.
Lydenburg Div.: Sterkspruit, Galpin 13594. E. Transvaal, Archbell
in Nat. Bot. Gdns. s.n. Swaziland. Mbabane, Nicholson in Nat. Herb.
Pretoria 22829. Natal. Utrecht, Hahn in Natal Herb. 17964. Zulu-
land. Eshowe, Gerstner in Natal Herb. 22447; Magut, Gerstner 3156
(Natal Herb. 29781).

Fl. Dec.—Mar.

[Fig. 78. - Map IX.]

APPENDIX.

79. O. witteklipense Leighton sp. nov.
Plantae alt.ad 10cm. Bulbus depresso-globosus, albus, 10—12 mm.
diam. Folia 2—3, teretia, basi canaliculata, synantha. Inflorescentia

176 The Journal of South African Botany.

1—5-fl.; bracteae latae pedicellis aequantes vel superantes. Perianthii
segmenta laete rosea, in alabastro laete viridi-striata, obtusa. Stamina
erecta, tria interiora quam exterioribus multo latiora. Ovariwm longo-
ovoideum, stylo nullo, stigmate conspicuo.

Hab. Cape Province. Malmesbury Div.: Witteklip, near Vreden-
burg, Leighton 655 (Type in Bolus Herb. and Herb. Nat. Bot. Gdns.).

Plants up to 10 em. high growing in dense clusters. Bulb white,
depresso-globose, 10—12 mm. diam. Leaves 2—3, terete above, canali-
culate near the base, synanthous, 4—7 mm. long, 1—2 mm. broad,
erect or sub-erect. Inflorescence 1—5-fld. ; bracts broad, lowest as long
as the pedicel, upper slightly longer, remaining green or turning reddish
at flowering time. Perianth-segments pale pink with greenish tinge
on outer surface, obtuse 5—7 mm. long, 4—5 mm. broad. Stamens
erect, 3—5 mm. long, three inner filaments almost twice as broad as
the outer. Ovary long-ovoid, green, style absent, stigma conspicuous.

Fl. Oct.

[Fig. 79. Map X.]

The flowers open only in fine weather but if the weather is unfavour-
able they appear to be cleistogamous.

This species was found at Witteklip, a locality visited by Thunberg
and described in some detail in his Travels. He mentions a white
flowered form of O. rupestre in his Flora Capensis which is possibly the
above species but O. witteklipense differs markedly from O. rupestre
L. f. as defined in Part I of this paper (Journ. S.A. Bot. X, p. 108).
O. witteklipense has shorter, broader perianth-segments and the stamens
are longer in proportion to the segments than in O. rupestre.

80. O. synanthifolium Leighton sp. nov.

Plantae alt. 30—70 cm. Bulbus ovoideus, vel elongatus, tunicis
coriaceis. Folia multa, lorata, synantha, marginibus integris. IJn-
florescentia multiflora, corymbosa; bracteae membranaceae, pedicellis
breviores. Perianthii segmenta alba, longe-ovata, obtusa vel subacuta.
Filamenta tria exteriora, lineari-lanceolata, tria interiora dimidio infero
abrupte expanso. Ovarium ovoideum, stylo gracile.

Hab. Cape Province. King Wms. Town Div.: Perie Mts., Galpin
3271 (Type in Nat. Herb. Pretoria). Queenstown Div.: Madeira Hill,
Galpin 2528. Transkei. St. Marks, Indlunkulu Forest Reserve, Forest
Dept. sn. (Nat. Herb. Pretoria).

Plants from 30—70 em. high. Bulb ovoid or elongate, 2—4 cm.
diam., with coriaceous tunics. Leaves many, lorate, synanthous, 15—
35 em. long, 20—25 mm. broad, apex obtuse or subacute, margins entire.
Inflorescence many-flowered, corymbose bracts membranous, shorter

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 177

than the pedicels; pedicels 2—5 em. long. Perianth-segments white,
long-ovate, 10—15 mm. long, 6—7 mm. broad, three outer sub-acute,
three inner obtuse. Stamens more than half as long as the perianth,
three outer filaments linear-lanceolate, three inner abruptly expanded
from about the middle to the base. Ovary ovoid, style slender almost
as long as the ovary.

Fl. May—Nov.

[Fig. 80.]

79. O. witteklipense x 2. 80. O. synanthifolium. _ Ilg. O. thyrsoides forma 0.
llh. O. thyrsoides forma .. (Add to figs. in Vol. X, p. 100.) 12a. O. lacteum
forma B. (Add to figs. in Vol. X, p. 108.) (Figs. 80, 11g, h and 12a natural size.)

11. O. thyrsoides Jacq.

Forma @.

Perianth pure white, ovary yellow, style longer and more slender
than in the typical, ovary yellow.

Hab. Cape Peninsula. Table Mt., sheltered ledges and steep slopes,
Skeleton Gorge, Esterhuysen 11503, Thorns in Bolus Herb. 23068 ; Wolley
Dod 977; above Kirstenbosch, Bolus 4919; between Fountain and
Grotto Ravines, Pillans 4905.

Fl. Dec.—Feb.

[Fig. 1lg.]

These were erroneously placed in the typical form.

Forma t. :

Leaf margins densely ciliate. Perianth pure white ; style slightly
longer than in the typical, ovary yellow.

178 The Journal of South African Botany.

Hab. Cradock Div.: Halesowen, James in Nat. Bot. Gdns. 3277/32.
Somerset East Div.: near Cookhouse, G. G. Smith 2870; Boschberg,
MacOwan 1819; near Middleton, B. Rogers in Bolus Herb. 12941.
Uitenhage Div.: Near Zuurberg, G. G. Smith 2869; Aloes, Drege 3132,
3148; Enon, Thode A. 1135. Albany Div.: Grahamstown, Rogers
27540; Carlisle Bridge, Daly 125. King Wms. Town Div.: Middle
Drift, Crampton 102 (Nat. Herb. Pretoria); Keiskama Hoek; Scott in
Nat. Bot. Gdns. 2212/31, Brownlee in Bolus Herb. 22715; near King
Wms. Town, Flanagan 2238. East London Div.: Nahoon Causeway,
Wood in Herb. Galpin 8231. Queenstown Div.: Junction Farm,
Galpin 8249.

Fl. Oct.—Nov.

[Fig. 11h.]

This form in general appearance is more like O. lactewm Jacq. but
the expansions on the inner whorl of stamens and the character of the
style preclude it from that species.

12. O. lacteum Jacq.

Forma f.

Leaves linear or lorate, usually synanthous, margins entire; inner
filaments broader and longer than in the typical form.

Hab. Albany Div.: Howieson’s Poort, L. L. Britten 5430; near
Grahamstown, MacOwan .in Bolus Herb. 2186. Queenstown Div. :
Andriesberg, Galpin 2231. Komgha Div.: near Komgha, Flanagan
788. East London Div. : Near East London, Wood in Herb. Galpin 8428.
Kentani Div.: Pegler 219. Bazeia, Baur 508 (S.A. Mus. 23360).

Fl. Sept.—Dec.

[Fig. 12a.]

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

The author acknowledges with thanks the loan of material from the
following sources not previously mentioned :—Dr. H. G. Fourcade and
Miss L. L. Britten from their private herbaria; the Director of the
McGregor Museum, and the Botanists-in-charge of the Albany Museum
Herbarium and the Natal Herbarium.

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L. 179

CoMPLETE Kry To THE SouTH AFRICAN SPECIES OF

ORNITHOGALUM.

Perianth segments free or almost so.
Perianth without a median green or brownish stripe or
colouration on the undersurface in the mature flowers.
Style distinct, perianth white, yellow or orange, rarely
khaki. Leaves glabrous except for ciliation on
the margins.
Filaments of both outer and inner whorls widely
expanded.
Style under 2 mm. long. Perianth usually orange
or yellow, rarely khaki or white.
Filaments of outer and inner whorls sub-equal or
with similar expansions.
Flowers usually 3 cm. or more in diam., seeds
with papillose testa : o.0
Flowers usually under 3 cm. in diam., seeds
with granulated testa :
Filaments of outer whorl only slightly expanded,
never with winglike outgrowths d
Style 2 mm. or more in length. Perianth usually
white, rarely yellow.
Flowers usually yellow rarely white
Flowers white or cream.
Filaments narrowly petalele without eeepr
expansions . ah
Filaments with angled or lobed expansions.
Outer filaments with erect, apical processes
on basal expansions :
Outer filaments with lateral or infolding
processes on basal expansions.
Perianth segments long, acute
Perianth segments broad, obtuse or sub-
acute.
Filaments white or cream
Filaments with the same colouring as
the bases of the perianth segments,
i.e. greyish or brownish yellow.
Outer filaments only slightly ex-
panded in the lower half.
Outer filaments with winglike ex-
pansions 50 50 30
Filaments of outer whorl simple.
Filaments sub-equal 6
Filaments of outer and inner whorls distinct.
Bulbs with blackish outer tunics, leaves glaucous.
Leaf margins densely ciliate
Leaf margins minutely ciliate or entire
Bulbs with grey or white tunics, leaves not
glaucous.
Style stout, inner filaments with incurved
winglike expansions
Style slender, inner filaments _ more or less
squarely expanded at the base.
Expanded portion of filament less than half
the length of the filament
Expanded portion of filament more than
half the length of the filament.
Style almost absent, perianth yellow, orange, rarely
pinkish. Leaves glaucous, rarely shiny, terete
or sub-terete, rarely flat, margins entire.

1 miniatum
2 Fergusoniae

3 flavissimum

4 Brownleei

5 subcoriaceum

6 ceresianum

7 Hermannii

8 alticolum

9 Leipoldtii
10 Pillansii

12 lacteum*

15 fimbrimarginatum
14 pruinosum

11 thyrsoides*

13 conicum

80 synanthifolium

a $$

* See Appendix also.

180

Leaves linear, terete or sub-terete.
Filaments twice as long as broad.
Inflorescence densely many-flowered
Inflorescence lax, few-flowered
Filaments more than twice as long as broad.
Filaments half or less than half as long as the
perianth
Filaments more than half as s long ¢ as s the perianth,
leaves shiny oo ae a6
Leaves lanceolate or ovate, Biv atc
Perianth white or cinnamon with a median greenish ¢ or
brown stripe or colouration on the undersurface of
mature flowers.
Filaments widely expanded from apex to base, outer
filaments much shorter than inner filaments.
Leaves vaginate, distant :
Leaves ovate, adpressed to the ground :
Filaments if widely expanded then only in the basal
half.
Outer filaments linear or lanceolate, inner widely
expanded in the lower half.
Basal expansions of inner filaments lobed or
pointed.
Leaves vaginate, vagina chocolate spotted
Leaves vaginate, vagina not spotted:
Margins of leaves with long cilia, surfaces
usually glabrous :
Margins of leaves densely and shortly fimbriate,
surfaces with simple or compound hairs.
Basal expansions of inner filaments somewhat
squarely expanded, not lobed or pointed.
Leaves with conspicuously ciliate margins,
vegetative parts green
Leaves with margins entire or only slightly fim-
briate, leaves and stems reddish ae
Outer and inner filaments sub-equal.
Outer and inner filaments widely expanded in the
lower half.
Apex of expansions fimbriate
Apex of expansions horned a
Outer and inner filaments lanceolate or linear, not
widely expanded in the lower half.
Leaves vaginate, vagina conspicuously spotted. .
Leaves vaginate, vagina not spotted.
Leaves densely covered with simple or com-
pound short hairs or downy pubescence.
Leaves downy-pubescent, purple on the
under surface Ba ane
Leaves hispid ‘
Leaves sparsely covered with Jong hairs or
glabrous except for ciliate margins.
Plants usually above 30 cm. in noERY:
Leaves synanthous . .
Leaves hysteranthous
Plants up to 30 cm. in height.
Leaf margins ciliate, crisped.
Flowers cinnamon or pinkish,
20 mm. diam. 6
Flowers white with green median stripe,
8—10 mm. diam. ;

15—

Leaf margins ciliate or fimbriate, not

erisped.
Leaves minutely ciliate or fimbriate,
bulb tunics grey or brown, leathery.

The Journal of South African Botany.

16
17

18

719
19

33
34

36
37

38
39

48

multifolium
ranunculoides

rupestre

witteklipense
maculatum

inelusum
constrictum

distans
Marlothii

hispidum

ciliatifolium

rubescens

Richardii
bicornutum

karooicum

Salteri
thermophilum

longiscapum
attenuatum

erispifolium

Bolusianum
(Forma)

A Revision of the South African Species of Ornithogalum L.

Flowers 8—10 mm. diam.
Flowers 2 cm. diam.
Leaves conspicucusly ciliate, bulb tunics
black, hard
Surfaces of leaves glabrous ..
Surfaces of leaves pilose
Perianth segments joined at the base.

Perianth white or fuscous with a green or brown median
stripe, segments usually cucullate, papillose or barbate
at the apex, seeds angled. Leaves linear or filiform,
rarely lanceolate.

Leaves tough, wiry or rigid.
Leaves rigid, erect, definite,
than the inflorescence are o0
Leaves filiform sinuose, rarely straight.
Leaves flattened, canaliculate or subterete.
Leaves flattened, margins conspicuously
thickened, apices not recurved
Leaves canaliculate or subterete,
curved, apex recurved.
Margins with coarse setae
Margins entire
Leaves wiry or tough, if erect ‘only near the ings.
indefinite, flexuose. —
Leaves filiform, wiry,
above the base.
Bulbs produced into a neck 5—10 em.
often with a right-angled bend 5
Bulbs produced into a straight neck 2—4 em.
long.
Leaves many an :
Inflorescence many-flowered,
36 cm. high.
Inflorescence few-flowered, lax, up to 20 cm.
high
Leaves few :
Leaves linear, tough, Oifen Canelieulates more alhern
1 mm. broad above the base.
Leaf bases forming a neck.
Leaves many, fibres bristly, erect
Leaves few, fibres soft interwoven
Leaf bases not forming a neck.
Plants more than 30 cm. high, leaves 7—10 mm.
broad at the base
Plants less than 30 cm. high, leaves ae to
5 mm. broad at the base .. .
Leaves soft or flaccid.
Leaves filiform, semiterete or terete.
Flowers 8 mm. or less in diam.,
erect
Flowers 10 mm. or more in dev, peduncle mot stiffly
erect 6

usually much shorter

margins in-

1 mm. or less in breadth

iene

dense, up to

peduncle stiffly

Leaves lanceolate or linear.
Leaves shorter than the inflorescence.
Leaves lanceolate or linear, with conspicuously
ciliate margins. Inflorescence few-flowered. .

Leaves lanceolate, margins entire or minutely
denticulate. Inflorescence many-flowered ..
Leaves longer than the inflorescence
Perianth fleshy, white, yellow or fuscous, with a green or
brownish median stripe, rarely green or white with
a faint green tinge on the undersurface, segments
cucullate, barbate. Seeds subdiscoid.

48
49

50
51

28

181

Bolusianum
natalense

pilosum
pullatum

tortuosum

comptum

Comptonii
nanodes

graminifolium

epigeum

oliganthum
langebergense

leptophyllum
subulatum
juncifolium

brevifolium

capillare

Schlechterianum
(typical)

Schlechterianum
(forma)

Rogersii
Zeyheri

The Journal of South African Botany.

Style excentric in young flowers.
Leaves 2—5, opposite.
Leaves flat, spreading Ys
Leaves canaliculate, erect or sub- rece at the TEE,
often encircling the peduncle.
Filaments expanded gradually from the apes
to the base 3
Filaments expanded abruptly in the lower half. .
Leaves many, arranged in a rosette.
Margins entire.
Leaves terete or sub-terete, flattened or canali-
culate at the base only 6 ae
Leaves flat or broadly canaliculate, spreading .
Margins coarsely ciliate or muricate
Style erect.
Ovary deeply lobed or sculptured.
Leaf solitary, pedicels 1 em. long or less ..
Leaves 2 or more, or if one then pedicels more than
1 em. long.
Leaves flat, long-ovate or lorate.
Leaf margins crenulate, coarsely ciliate when
young
Leaf margins smooth, leaves pubescent when
young
Leaves linear, canaliculate, ovary with | a disc-
like structure above the stipitate base.
Filaments with spathulate Seas in the
lower half :
Filaments with apical points on the basal
expansions : oc

Ovary simple.
Perianth white with broad green median stripe.
Filaments with broad expansions near the base.
Expansions lobed or pointed at the apex
Expansions not lobed or pointed at the apex.
Ovary ovoid.
Leaves arising from a neck of mem-
branous leaf bases; leaves up to
5 mm. broad
Leaves arising directly from the bulb ;
leaves 2—5 cm. broad :
Ovary truncate at the Bes stipitate at the
base :

Filaments lanceolate.
Leaves many.
Bracts conspicuous in bud and after.
Leaves firm, erect.
Inflorescence with short pedicels, narrow
Inflorescence with long pedicels, corym-
bose or thyrsoid.
Ovary oblong, truncate at the apex
Ovary obovoid : :
Leaves flaccid
Bracts not conspicuous
Leaf solitary ai 3
Perianth green or white without a median stripe.
Ovary globose or depresso-globose, flowers green
Ovary oblong or squarely angled at the apex,
flowers green or white.
Flowers green, filaments
florescence elongate
Flowers white, filaments broadly expanded any
the base, inflorescence corymbose. .

lanceolate, in-

20

21
22

23
24
25

30

31
32

64
65

66

75
67

77
78

Pearsonii

suaveolens
Muirii

polyphyllum
odoratum

‘secundum

solitarium

crenulatum

cinnamomeum

karasbergense

disciferum

virens

setifolium
caudatum

breviscapum

pretoriense

Wilmaniae
inconspicuum
flavovirens
Ecklonii
Watermeyeri

prasinum

xanthochlorum

Saundersiae

Anthericum albucoides Ait.
55 pilosum Jacq.

Ardernia Salisb.

Aspasia Salisb.

Beryllis Salisb.

Brizophila Salisb.

Cathissa Salisb. te

Eustachys Salisb. .. 9:8

Monotassa secunda Salisb.

Myanthe Salisb. 60

Ornithogalum L. .. :

5 aestivum L. Bolus

5 aethiopicum Thbg.

90 albucoides Thbg.

0 alticolum Leighton

50 angustifolium L. Bolus
) arabicum ae

me attenuatum Leighton
Pe aurantiacum Bak.

35 aureum Andr.

2” 93 Curt.

50 pveds

55 barbatum Jacq.

+0 Bergii Schl.

3 bicolor Harv.

9 bicornutum Leighton
e5 Bolusianum Bak. ..

as brevifolium Leighton
5 breviscapum Leighton
ss Brownleei Leighton wie
33 capillare Wood & Evans ..
55 caudatum Jacq.

3 ceresianum Leighton

09 ciliatifolium Leighton

9 coarctatum Jacq. ..
Comptonii Leighton
35 comptum Bak.

oD conicum Jacq.

EE) 9 ”

cinnamomeum Leighton ..

var. stric-

113
87, 98, 94. 95, 98

84, 86, 102

112, 114
97

87, 89, 91

87, 92, 95, 98
112, 113, 121, 122

97
112, 113, 121, 122

87, 108, 105, 106

tum Leighton] 108, 104, 106

oe coniophilum Krause
constrictum Leighton
crenulatum L.f. 3
crispifolium Leighton
disciferum Leighton
distans L. Bolus

i Ecklonii Schl.
epigeum Leighton
Fergusonae L. Bolus

flavescens Jacq.
flavissimum Jacq.
flavovirens Bak.
Galpinii Bak. ie

fimbrimarginatum Leighton

112, 118, 121

112, 118, 118, 120
87, 89, 91

87, 108, 105, 106
87

87, 89, 90, 91

Vou. XI.

139

179
148

147, 148, 149, 180

139

137, 143, 180

147, 150, 151, 180,
181

155, 158, 160, 181

167, 169, 172, 182

179

160, 161, 165, 181

165, 166, 169, 171,
182

179

137, 138, 141, 180

181

151, 154, 155, 158,
181

138, 179

165
136, 187, 180

182

147, 149, 180
164, 172, 182
137, 188, 144, 180
165, 169, 171, 182
181

179

179

179
165, 169, 170, 182
147. 151

184

The Journal of South African Botany.

Ornithogalum graminifolium Thbg.

Vor. X.

Vou. XI.

Hermanni Leighton
hispidum Hornem

inclusum Leighton
inconspicuum Bak.
juncifolium Jacq. ..
karasbergense Glover
karooicum Leighton
lacteum Jacq.

var. conicum

Bak.

39 o>

50 Lodd. i
langebergense Leighton
Leipoldtii L. Bolus

leptophyllum Bak.

longibracteatum Jacq.
longiscapum Bak.

maculatum Jacq.

var. speciosum
Leighton

var. splendens
ee |

oe) oe)

Thbg. .

Marlothii Leighton
miniatum Jacq. se
var. Van-
dermerwei
Leighton
a Kunth .. ake

o Schinz ..
Muirii Leighton
multifolium Bak.
mundianum Kunth
nanodes Leighton
natalense Bak.
neapolitanum
niveum Ait.
odoratissimum C. A. Smith
odoratum Andr.

Br Jacq.
oliganthum Bak.
otaviense Krause ..
Pearsonii Leighton
Pillansii Leighton
pilosum L.f.

39 o

polyphyllum Jacq.
prasinum Lindl.
pretoriense Bak.
pruinosum Leighton
pubescens Bak.
pulehrum Schinz
pullatum Leighton

pygmaeum A. V. Duthie

87, 93, 95, 98

82, 85, 87, 102,
103, 105, 106

103
96

87, 94, 95, 96, 97,
98

87, 106, 108, 109
106, 109, 110

106, 109, 110
117

87, 89, 90, 91, 94
89, 91
88

111, 118, 115
87, 106, 107

12, 113, 118. 119
83
116

117
111, 113. 115, 116

111, 112, 113, 115
87, 95, 96, 97, 98

111, 113, 115, 116

87, 103, 104, 106

119

155, 156, 157, 158,
181

179

137, 188, 189, 141.
146, 180

135, 136, 137, 180

165, 169, 170, 182

155, 158, 160, 181

163, 164, 172, 182

137, 144, 145, 180

177, 178, 179

155, 158, 181
179

155, 157, 158, 159,
18]

166

146, 147, 149, 151,
180

180

137, 138, 180

147, 149, 152, 181

182
155, 157, 158, 1381
165
182
179
147, 152, 153, 154,
181
182
172, 1738, 174, 182
165, 167, 169, 182
179
151
169
147, 1538, 154. 181

Index. 185
Vou. X. Vor. XI.
Ornithogalum pyrenaeum so || 88
50 ranunculoides L. Bolus .. 87, 106, 107 180
= revolutum Jacq. .. 94, 96
x Richardii Leighton 137, 143, 144, 180
es Rogersii Bak. : 161, 162, 172, 181
n Roodiae Phillips 113, 114
SS rubescens Leighton 137, 188, 142, 180
3: rupestre L.f. : 87, 106, 107, 108 | 176, 180
< sanguineum Kunth 116
e secundum Jacq. co |} lil, Wilh, 7Glby aGle/ |) eye
37 ” 29 var. lati-
folium L.
Io oo |} WML WN
56 Salteri Leighton 187, 144, 145, 180
ro Saltmarshei Bak. .. 170
5 Saundersiae Bak. ad 165, 174, 175,§182
- Schlechterianum Schinz .. 161, 172, 181
2p scilloides Jacq. 166
3 setifolium Kunth 165, 169, 172, 182
5 solitarium Leighton 112, 113, 120, 121 | 182
50 speciosum Bak. .. 110
op splendens L. Bolus 110
35 Stapfii Schinz ; 164
=a strictum L. Bolus .. 104
suaveolens Jacq. WT, TNS, NS. Wile, | M2
115, 116
a subcoriaceum L. Bolus 87, 91, 92, 106 179
a subulatum Bak. .. 154, 155, 158, 181
a5 synanthifolium Leighton . 176, 177, 179
2 thermophilum Leighton 137, 145, 180
50 Thunbergianum Bak. 109, 110
5s thyrsoides Jacq. 84, 85, 87, 96, 97, | 177, 179
98, 100, 102
50) a ,. war. flavescens
Lindl. .. | 88
x3 35 , Var. miniatum
Baka | os
oH tortuosum Bak. .. 111, 118, 118 181
op trichophyllum Bak. 139, 151
= tuberosum Bak. . 116
2 umbellatum L. 83, 86
os unifolium Dyer 120
it at Retz 122
‘5 Vandermerwei Barnes 89
es virens Lindl. 165, 169, 182
x Watermeyeri L. Bolus 165, 169, 171, 182
i Wilmaniae Leighton 168, 169, 172, 182
a witteklipense Leighton 172, 175, 176, 177
180
= xanthochlorum Bak. 172,$174, 182
Zeyheri Bak. 161,%163, 165, 151
Osmyne Salisb. F 86
Phaeccles Salisb. 86
3 maculata Sits, 109
Phalangium albucoides Poir. 113
pilosum Poir. 139
Taeniola Salisb. A 86
Urginea secunda Bak. 117
Urophyllon Salisb. 86

cnn EEEEEIEE EEE

INDEX OF PLANT NAMES.

PAGE
Acritochaete Pilger . . 131, 133
Agapanthus campanulatus Leighton

100, 101
3 gracilis Leighton 100, 101
s orientalis 5 101
Po patens Leighton
99, 100, 101
Alloeochaete Hubbard 104, 105
ue andongensis Hubbard
101, 105, 106
Bs namuliensis Chippin-
dall 101, 108, 105, 106
Alloteropsis Presl .. a L383
Anthaenantia Beauv. F og UB
Anthericum pea Jen: oo ley)
Aristea 5 oe .. 109
Barosma insignis Compton -. 106
Beckera Fres. a ao 131, 133
Berlinia ate at ae 50 (Ua
Bobartia filiformis .. elO9
6 gladiata var. major .. 109
a indica L. .. ae oo HOY
Bs lilacina Lewis
108, 109, 120; 111, 112
Be orientalis 109
0 Pevicuate t Lewis. . 109, 112
spathacea . oc 50 LOY
Brachystegia. . 131
Brachystelma Galpinii N.E.Br. 112, 114
Es gracillimum Dyer
112, 113
Carex aethiopica Schkuhr .. 87, 88, 89
> bisexualis oe ay 79
», clavata Thbg. ns (ORs 83, 88
» Ecklonii Nees ie oo fsks)
» HEsenbeckiana Boeck. oo ted)
Thunbergii .. 79

Ceropegia Smithii Henderson 114, 115
Chloridion Stapf 131, 133

Cycas caffra Thbg. .. 13, 40
Danthonia andongensis Rendle .. 105
Digitaria Haller eee a0 .. 133
Digitariopsis Redheadii Hubbard

132, 133

Encephalartos Altensteinii Lehm.
9, 13, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 61
ap > var. bispitna 47
brachyphyllus Lehm.
13, 16
ce caffer Hook. i 20

PAGE

Encephalartos caffer Lehm.

”

Ferraria

18, 15, 16, 17, 40, 51

eyeadifolius Lehm.
9, 50, 58
Eugene-Maraisii
Verdoorn 1, 2, 9; 39

Friderici-Gulielmi .. 50
Ghellinckii Lehm.

9, 57, 58
horridus Lehm.

9, 19, 20, 22

3 var. trispi-
nosa Hook.

28, 37

kosiensis Hutch. .. 27

laevifolius Stapf &
Burtt-Davy 52, 54, 55
lanatus Stapf &
Burtt-Davy 9, 52, 54, 55
lanuginosus : 40
latifrons Lehm.
9, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26
Lehmannii Lehm.
1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 27, 28,38
Lehmannii form A.
29, 30, 37, 39
Lehmannii form B1.
$2, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39
Lehmannii form B2.

38, 34, 35, 37, 38
Lehmannii form C. 35, 38
Lehmannii form D.

80, 31, 35, 37, 39
Lehmannii form F. 37, 39
longifolius Lehm.

13, 40, 41, 44
paucidentatus Stapf
& Burtt-Davy 9, 48
pungens Ait. 56 PAS
spinulosus Lehm. .. 28
striatus Stapf &
Burtt-Davy 9, 17, 20
transvenosus Stapf
& Burtt-Davy
9, 42, 45, 46, 47
tridentatus Lehm... 64
villosus Lehm.

9, 17, 19, 20, 50, 64

Woodii Sander san UY)
spp. 58, 59, 60, 61,
62, 68
so UY

188

The Journal of South African Botany.

PAGE

Haworthia asperiuscula var. sub- in-

tegra G. G. Smith 68, 70

Comptoniana G. G.

Smith 76, 77

Dekenahii var. argenteo-

maculosa G. G. Smith

73, 74

1

longebracteata G. G.

Smith ce 75, 77

Otzenii G. G. Smith 72, 73
Reinwardti Haw. Bea an (024

var. bellula
G.G. Smith 70

retusa Haw. a 76, 78
retusa var. mutica Bak. 74
viscosa var.

cougaensis
G. G. Smith 65, 66
var. viridissima

G. G. Smith 66, 67

Homeria bulbillifera Lewis Be 118
5 simulans .. aus 112
Homopholis Hubbard Be ao HB

Hylebates Chippindall
cordatus Chippindall 128, 129

127, 131, 133

Leptoloma Chase .. Sa so (HSI

Megaloprotachne Hubbard 131, 132

Micranthus junceus .. Se oo TLIIKS
Moraea bituminosa . . Ae Send UEP?
ap odorata an we oo Jy
a visearia oh =e ao. Je

Ornithogalum alticolum

Leighton 179
angustifolium Ib,
Bolus ss 148
attenuatum Leighton
147, 148, 149, 180
Bergii Schl. 139
bicornutum Leighton
137, 1428, 180
Bolusianum Bak.
147, 150, 151, 180, 181
brevifolium Leighton
155, 158, 160, 188
breviscapum Leigh-
ton 167, 169, 172, 182
Brownleei Leighton 179
capillare Wood &
Evans 160, 161, 165,181
caudatum Jacq.

165, 166, 169, 171. 182
ceresianum Leighton 179
ciliatifolium Leighton

187, 138, 141, 180
cinnamomeum Leigh-
ton ». 182
Comptonii Leighton 181
comptum Bak.
151, 154, 155. 158, 181

eonicum Jacq. 138, 179

PAGE

Ornithogalum coniophilum Krause 165

constrictum Leighton
186, 137, 180
crenulatum Lf. 182
erispifolium Leigh-
ton 147, 149, 180
disciferum Leighton
164, 172, 182
distans L. Bolus
137, 138, 144, 180
Eeklonii Schl.
165, 169, 171, 182
epigeum Leighton .. 181]
Fergusoniae L. Bolus 179

fimbrimarginatum
Leighton .. co L®
flavissimum Jaeq. .. 179

flavovirens Bak.

165, 169, 170, 182
Galpini Bak. 147, 151
graminifolium Thbg.

155, 156, 157, 158, 181
Hermannii Leighton 179
hispidum Hornem.

137, 138, 189, 141, 146, 180
inclusum Leighton

1385, 136, 187, 180
inconspicuum Bak.

165, 169, 170, 182
juncifolium Jacq.

155, 158, 160, 181
karasbergense Glover

1638, 164, 172, 182
karooicum Leighton

137, 144, 145, 180
lacteum Jacq.

177, 178, 179

var. conicum

Bak. .. 103
langebergense Leigh-
ton 155, 158, 181

Leipoldtii L. Bolus.. 179
leptophyllum Bak.

155, 157, 158, 159, 181
longibracteatum Jacq.166
longiscapum Bak.

146, 147, 149, 151, 180
maculatum Jacq. .. 180
Marlothii Leighton

137, 188, 180

miniatum Sehinz .. 139
Muirii Leighton .. 182
multifolium Bak. .. 180
mundianum Kunth 152

nanodes Leighton .. 181
natalense Bak.

147, 149, 152, 181
niveum Ait. . 162
odoratum Jac Gh oo Is
oliganthum Bak.

155, 157, 158, 181

otaviense Krause .. 165

Index.

PAGE

Ornithogalum Pearsonii Leighton.. 182
55 Pillansii Leighton .. 179
De pilosum L.f.

147, 152, 158, 154, 181
polyphyllum Jacq... 182

prasinum Lindl.
172, 178, 174, 182

pretoriense Bak.
165, 167, 169, 182

pruinosum Leighton 179

en pubescens Bak. oo Bil
3 pulehrum Schinz .. 169
0 pullatum Leighton

147, 158, 154, 181
ranunculcides L. Bolus180
Richardiu Leighton

137, 143, 144, 180
Rogersii Bak.

161, 162. 172, 181
rubescens Leighton

137, 188, 142, 180

30) rupestre L.f. 176, 180
0 secundum Jaeq. .. 182
+ Salteri Leighton

187, 144, 145, 180
Saltmarshei Bak. .. 170
Saundersiae Bak.

165, 174. 175, 182
Schlechterianum

Schinz 161, 172, 181
3p scilloides Jacq. co IGG
setifolium Kunth

165, 169, 172, 182

solitarium Leighton 182

3p Stapfir Schinz .. 164

a suaveolens Jacq. .. 182

39 subcoriaceum L.
Bolus a co UAE)

subulatum Bak.
154, 155, 158, 181

synanthifoliumLeigh-

ton 176, 177, 179
25 thermophilum Leigh-
ton 187, 145, 180
> thyrsoides Jacq. 177, 179
af tortuosum Bak. ao Ui
35 trichophyllum Bak.
139, 15]
a virens Lindl.

165, 169, 182
Watermeyeri L. Bolus
165, 169, 171, 182
ss Wilmaniae Leighton

168, 169. 172. 182

189

PAGE
Ornithogalum witteklipense Leigh-
ton 172, 175, 176,
177, 180
xanthochlorum Bak.
172, 174, 182
Zeyheri Bak.
161, 168, 165, 181
Ottochloa Arnottiana Dandy oo USI

Pentzia calearea Kies

118, 119, 120

globosa ae tPA

ineana O.K. 118, 120

; viridis Kies so ake alPal
Phalangium pilosum Pecir... 20 ULBY)
Plectranthus Behrii Compton 122, 123
fruticosus L’Her. ao Wye

Salsola glabrescens Verdoorn
124, 125, 126
nigrescens Verdoorn
124, 125, 126
Schoenoxiphium capense Nees... 79
Ecklonu Nees
79, 81, 82, 83,
84, 85, 86, 89
Ecklonii var. uni-
sexuale 79, 81
lanceum Kuk.
79, 80, 81, 82,
83, 84, 85, 87, 89
Lehmannii Steud.
80, 81, 82, 83,
85, 86, 87, 88
sparteum oo XD)
var. Leh-
mannii 80
Thunbergu Nees
79, 80, 81. 82,
83. 85, 86, 87, 83

Schoenus lanceus Thbe. : 79
Snowdenia Hubbard 131, 133
Watsonia bulbillifera a0 eemeLaltss
Zamia cycadifolia Jacq. D0
, horrida Jacq. Op sa 2X0)
lanuginosa Jacq. .. ye 40
Lehmanniana FE. & Z. ro COM
longifolia Jacq. a6 jc 40
pungens Ait. +0 Di 28
tridentata Willd. .. ae | 04

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